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Minuscule 235
Minuscule 235 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 456 ( Soden), known as ''Codex Havniensis 2'' is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on paper. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1314. The manuscript has complex contents. It has marginalia. Description The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels, on 280 paper leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 23 lines per page (size of column 15.2 by 9.5 cm), the capital letters in red. The initials at the beginning of Matthew and Mark are the same as in Lectionary 6. The text is divided according to the Ammonian Sections, whose numbers are given at the margin. It contains tables of the (''tables of contents'') before each Gospel, lectionary markings at the margin, and incipits. The words are often ill divided and the stops misplaced (as in minuscule 80). Text The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V. Accordi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gospel
Gospel originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was set out. In this sense a gospel can be defined as a loose-knit, episodic narrative of the words and deeds of Jesus, culminating in his trial and death and concluding with various reports of his post-resurrection appearances. Modern scholars are cautious of relying on the gospels uncritically, but nevertheless, they provide a good idea of the public career of Jesus, and critical study can attempt to distinguish the original ideas of Jesus from those of the later authors. The four canonical gospels were probably written between AD 66 and 110. All four were anonymous (with the modern names added in the 2nd century), almost certainly none were by eyewitnesses, and all are the end-products of long oral and written transmission. Mark was the first to be written, using a variety of sources. The authors of Matthew and Luke both independently ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Categories Of New Testament Manuscripts
New Testament manuscripts in Greek are categorized into five groups, according to a scheme introduced in 1981 by Kurt and Barbara Aland in ''The Text of the New Testament''. The categories are based on how each manuscript relates to the various text-types. Generally speaking, earlier Alexandrian manuscripts are category I, while later Byzantine manuscripts are category V. Aland's method involved considering 1000 passages where the Byzantine text differs from non-Byzantine text. The Alands did not select their 1000 readings from all of the NT books; for example, none were drawn from Matthew and Luke. Description of categories The Alands' categories do not simply correspond to the text-types; all they do is demonstrate the 'Byzantine-ness' of a particular text; that is, how much it is similar to the Byzantine text-type, from least (Category I) to most similar (Category V). Category V can be equated with the Byzantine text-type, but the other categories are not necessarily re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Copenhagen
Copenhagen ( or .; da, København ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a proper population of around 815.000 in the last quarter of 2022; and some 1.370,000 in the urban area; and the wider Copenhagen metropolitan area has 2,057,142 people. Copenhagen is on the islands of Zealand and Amager, separated from Malmö, Sweden, by the Øresund strait. The Øresund Bridge connects the two cities by rail and road. Originally a Viking fishing village established in the 10th century in the vicinity of what is now Gammel Strand, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the early 15th century. Beginning in the 17th century, it consolidated its position as a regional centre of power with its institutions, defences, and armed forces. During the Renaissance the city served as the de facto capital of the Kalmar Union, being the seat of monarchy, governing the majority of the present day Nordic region in a personal union with Sweden and Norway ruled by the Danis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles Graux (classicist)
Charles Graux (23 November 1852 – 8 January 1882) was a French classicist and palaeographer. Apart from scores of articles and reviews, he published important critical editions of works by Xenophon and Plutarch and pioneering, descriptive catalogs of the medieval copies of ancient Greek texts preserved in the libraries of Spain and Denmark. His most enduring contributions were to the history of ancient stichometry. In an article that Kurt Ohly called 'epoch-making' he proved that ancient Greek authors and scribes measured the length of prose texts in standard lines just as modern books are measured in pages and computer files in words. This standard unit, he showed, was equal in length to a Greek hexameter (about fifteen syllables or 35 letters). Graux’s survey of hundreds of ancient stichometric line-counts preserved in medieval manuscripts confirmed that the same standard line was in use from the fourth century BCE through the Christian authors of late antiquity. These res ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minuscule 1012 (Gregory-Aland)
Letter case is the distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals (or more formally ''majuscule'') and smaller lowercase (or more formally ''minuscule'') in the written representation of certain languages. The writing systems that distinguish between the upper and lowercase have two parallel sets of letters, with each letter in one set usually having an equivalent in the other set. The two case variants are alternative representations of the same letter: they have the same name and pronunciation and are treated identically when sorting in alphabetical order. Letter case is generally applied in a mixed-case fashion, with both upper and lowercase letters appearing in a given piece of text for legibility. The choice of case is often prescribed by the grammar of a language or by the conventions of a particular discipline. In orthography, the uppercase is primarily reserved for special purposes, such as the first letter of a sentence or of a proper noun (ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minuscule 713
Minuscule 713 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε351 ( von Soden),Hermann von Soden, ''Die Schriften des neuen Testaments, in ihrer ältesten erreichbaren Textgestalt / hergestellt auf Grund ihrer Textgeschichte'' (Berlin 1902), vol. 1, p. 177. is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. The manuscript is lacunose.Handschriftenliste at the Münster Institute labelled it as 561e. Description The codex contains the text of the four |
Minuscule 291
Minuscule 291 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 377 ( Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. The manuscript has complex contents. It has marginalia. Description The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 290 parchment leaves (). The text is written in one column per page, in 20 lines per page. The headpieces and large initials are ornamented with silver. The text is divided according to the (''chapters''), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their (''titles of chapters'') at the top of the pages. There is no division according to the Ammonian Sections, with references to the Eusebian Canons. It contains Prolegomena, tables of the (''tables of contents'') are placed before each Gospel, incipits, (''lessons''), Synaxarion, and marginal notes. Text The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden lists ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minuscule 245
Minuscule 245 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 1226 ( Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1199.K. Aland, M. Welte, B. Köster, K. Junack, "Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments", ''Walter de Gruyter'', Berlin, New York 1994, p. 61. It has marginalia. Description The codex contains a complete text of the four Gospels on 255 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 21-23 lines per page. The leaves were arranged in quarto. The text is divided according to the Ammonian Sections whose numbers are given at the margin. It contains the Eusebian Canon tables, tables of the (''tables of contents'') before each Gospel; it contains lectionary markings at the margin for liturgical reading. Synaxarion and Menologion were added by a later hand. Text The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minuscule 157
Minuscule 157 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), ε 207 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament Gospels, on vellum. According to the colophon it is dated to the year 1122.K. Aland, M. Welte, B. Köster, K. Junack, "Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments", ''Walter de Gruyter'', Berlin, New York 1994, p. 56. Formerly the date was wrongly deciphered as 1128 (Gregory, Thompson). It has complex contents and full marginalia. Description The manuscript is a codex (forerunner to the modern book), containing the complete text of the four Gospels on 325 parchment leaves (sized ). The text is written in one column per page, with 22 lines per page. The text is divided according to the chapters (known as / ''kephalaia''), whose tables of contents are given before each Gospel (also known as / ''kephalaia''), chapter numbers in the margin of the pages, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hermann, Freiherr Von Soden
Baron Hermann von Soden (16 August 1852 – 15 January 1914) was a German Biblical scholar, minister, professor of divinity, and textual theorist. Life Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, on August 16, 1852, Soden was educated at the University of Tübingen. In 1881 he was appointed as the minister at Dresden- Striesen and in 1887 he became minister of the Jerusalem Church in Berlin. In 1889 he also became a '' privatdozent'', a form of tutor, in the University of Berlin, and four years later was appointed as an extraordinary professor of divinity. He fought for a more presbyterian and democratic constitution in the congregations of the Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces. His grave is preserved in the Protestant ''Friedhof II der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde'' (Cemetery No. II of the congregations of the Jerusalem's Church and the New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of the Hallesches Tor. Soden introduced a new notation of manuscripts and also developed a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philoxenian
Philoxenus of Mabbug (Syriac: , ') (died 523), also known as Xenaias and Philoxenus of Hierapolis, was one of the most notable Syriac prose writers and a vehement champion of Miaphysitism. Early life He was born, probably in the third quarter of the 5th century, at Tahal, a village in the district of Beth Garmaï east of the Tigris. He was thus by birth a subject of Persia, but all his active life of which we have any record was passed in the territory of the Byzantine Empire. His parents were from the Median city of Ecbatana. The statements that he had been a slave and was never baptized appear to be malicious inventions of his theological opponents. He was educated at Edessa, perhaps in the famous "school of the Persians," which was afterwards (in 489) expelled from Edessa on account of its connection with Nestorianism. Background The years which followed the Council of Chalcedon (451) were a stormy period in the Syriac Church. Philoxenus soon attracted notice by his st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minuscule 33
Minuscule 33 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), δ 48 ( Soden), before the French Revolution was called ''Codex Colbertinus 2844''. It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on parchment, dated palaeographically to the 9th century. The manuscript is lacunose. It has marginalia. According to the textual critics it is one of the best minuscule manuscripts of the New Testament. Description The codex contains part of the Prophets of the Old Testament, and all the books of the New Testament (except Revelation of John), on 143 parchment leaves (), with three lacunae in Gospel of Mark, and Gospel of Luke (Mark 9:31-11:11; 13:11-14:60; Luke 21:38-23:26). The text is divided according to the (''chapters''), whose numerals are given at the margin, and the τίτλοι (''titles of chapters'') at the top of the pages. It contains Prolegomena to the Catholic epistles and the Pauline epistles (folios 73-76), the Euthalian Apparatus. It is written on a parchment in minus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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