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Melanosteus
''Melanosteus'' is an extinct genus of small (skull about 5 centimeters long) selenosteid arthrodire placoderms of the Late Devonian period known from the Upper Frasnian Montagne Noire of Southern France. Rücklin (2011) regards ''Melanosteus'' as the sister taxon of ''Rhinosteus''. During the Frasnian stage, ''Melanosteus occitanus'' lived off the coast of an island continent, "Armorica," which consisted of portions of what would become Southern France. Etymology The generic name literally translates as "black bone," the color referring to the translation of Montagne Noire, or "Black Mountains." The specific name refers to Occitania, the region of Southern France where the fossils were found. Phylogeny ''Melanosteus'' is a member of the family Selenosteidae of the clade Aspinothoracidi, which belongs to the clade Pachyosteomorphi, one of the two major clades within Eubrachythoraci. The cladogram below shows the phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selenosteidae
Selenosteidae is an extinct family of small to large-sized arthrodire placoderms from the Late Devonian. With the exception of the Chinese ''Phymosteus'', selenosteids lived in shallow seas in what is now Eastern North America (the Cleveland Shale), Eastern Europe (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, and the Kellwasserkalk fauna of Bad Wildungen), and Northeastern Africa (the Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco). Selenosteids have, in cross section, a rounded body, a blunt snout, and tremendous orbits. The lower jaws were slender, the inferognathals usually either being finely serrated, or adapted for crushing, though, in '' Draconichthys'', the inferognathals had long prongs for seizing prey. The rostrum is very small. Taxonomy Selenosteidae is a member of the clade Aspinothoracidi, which belongs to the clade Pachyosteomorphi, one of the two major clades within Eubrachythoraci. ''Gorgonichthys'' is closely related to the family Selenosteidae, and could possibly be included in the family. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selenosteidae
Selenosteidae is an extinct family of small to large-sized arthrodire placoderms from the Late Devonian. With the exception of the Chinese ''Phymosteus'', selenosteids lived in shallow seas in what is now Eastern North America (the Cleveland Shale), Eastern Europe (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland, and the Kellwasserkalk fauna of Bad Wildungen), and Northeastern Africa (the Anti-Atlas Mountains, Morocco). Selenosteids have, in cross section, a rounded body, a blunt snout, and tremendous orbits. The lower jaws were slender, the inferognathals usually either being finely serrated, or adapted for crushing, though, in '' Draconichthys'', the inferognathals had long prongs for seizing prey. The rostrum is very small. Taxonomy Selenosteidae is a member of the clade Aspinothoracidi, which belongs to the clade Pachyosteomorphi, one of the two major clades within Eubrachythoraci. ''Gorgonichthys'' is closely related to the family Selenosteidae, and could possibly be included in the family. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aspinothoracidi
Aspinothoracidi is a clade of placoderms, extinct armored fish most diverse during the Devonian. The gigantic apex predator ''Dinichthys'', is the best-known member of this group. Many other genera, such as the infamous ''Dunkleosteus'', were previously thought to be close relatives of ''Dinichthys'' and were grouped together in the family Dinichthyidae, though more recent studies have restricted that family to only its type species. Phylogeny Eubrachythoraci is divided into the clades Coccosteomorphi and Pachyosteomorphi, the latter of which can be further sub-divided into Aspinothoracidi and Dunkleosteoidea, as shown in the cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to ... below: References Arthrodires {{Placoderm-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dunkleosteoidea
Dunkleosteoidea is an extinct superfamily of arthrodire placoderms that lived during the Devonian period. The gigantic apex predator ''Dunkleosteus terrelli'' is the best known member of this group. Phylogeny Eubrachythoraci is divided into the clades Coccosteomorphi and Pachyosteomorphi, the latter of which can be further sub-divided into Aspinothoracidi and Dunkleosteoidea. Dunkleosteoidea was then considered to consist of the two sister families Dunkleosteidae and Panxiosteidae. However, the 2016 Zhu ''et al.'' phylogenetic study using a larger morphological dataset recovered Panxiosteidae well outside of Dunkleosteoidea, leaving the status of Dunkleosteidae Dunkleosteidae is an extinct family of arthrodire placoderms that lived during the Devonian period. The gigantic apex predator ''Dunkleosteus terrelli'' is the best known member of this group. Phylogeny While members of Dunkleosteidae were prev ... as a clade grouping separate from Dunkleosteoidea in doubt, as shown ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhachiosteus Pterygiatus
''Rhachiosteus'' is an extinct monospecific genus of arthrodire placoderm from the Middle to Late Devonian of Germany. It is known only from a single specimen, which may be a larval or juvenile form, as the skull of said specimen is only 19 millimetres long. Phylogeny ''Rhachiosteus'' is a basal member of the clade Pachyosteomorphi, the sister taxon to Coccosteomorphi, which together are the two main sub-clades of Eubrachythoraci. The cladogram below shows the phylogeny A phylogenetic tree (also phylogeny or evolutionary tree Felsenstein J. (2004). ''Inferring Phylogenies'' Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA.) is a branching diagram or a tree showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological spec ... of ''Rhachiosteus'': References Arthrodires Placoderms of Europe Arthrodire genera {{Placoderm-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coccosteomorphi
Coccosteomorphi is an extinct clade of arthrodire placoderms within the Eubrachythoraci (of the suborder Brachythoraci), armored fish most diverse during the Devonian. Most are considered to be pelagic (open ocean) long-distance swimmers, leading to their widespread distribution beginning from at least the Middle Devonian period. Phylogeny Coccosteomorphi is the sister taxon to Pachyosteomorphi, which together are the two main sub-clades of Eubrachythoraci. Coccosteomorphi can be further sub-divided into Coccosteoidea and Incisoscutoidea, as shown in the cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to d ... below: References Arthrodires {{Placoderm-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhinosteus
''Rhinosteus'' is an extinct genus of small to medium selenosteid arthrodire placoderms of the Late Devonian known from the Upper Frasnian Kellwasserkalk facies of Bad Wildungen, Germany and Morocco. Description ''Rhinosteus'' is a typical genus of Kellwasserkalk selenosteids, with short cheeks, and slender inferognathal (lower jaw) plates. However, two of the species, ''R. traquairi'' and ''R. tuberculatus'', have long, pointed rostrums, and tubercles on the plates. In ''R. traquairi'', the rostrum is sharply pointed, extending beyond the snout, and the tubercles are small and irregularly placed. In ''R. tuberculatus'', the rostrum is bluntly pointed, and the tubercles are large and plentiful. The species ''R. parvulus'' has a blunt rostrum that does not extend beyond the snout, and lacks tuberculation altogether. The average skull length of ''R. traquairi'' is about 11 centimetres. The average skull length of ''R. tuberculatus'' is 15 centimetres, while that of ''R. parvulus'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eubrachythoraci
Eubrachythoraci is an extinct clade of arthrodire placoderms within the suborder Brachythoraci, armored fish most diverse during the Devonian. Most are considered to be pelagic (open ocean) long-distance swimmers, leading to their widespread distribution beginning from at least the Middle Devonian period. Phylogeny Brachythoraci is divided into the large derived clade Eubrachythoraci and several basal groups: Buchanosteoidea, Homosteidae, and Holonematidae. (Although Holonematidae's membership in Brachythoraci is disputed.) Eubrachythoraci is then further divided into the sub-clades Coccosteomorphi and Pachyosteomorphi, the latter of which can be further sub-divided into Aspinothoracidi and Dunkleosteoidea, as shown in the cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pachyosteomorphi
Pachyosteomorphi is an extinct clade of arthrodire placoderms within the Eubrachythoraci (of the suborder Brachythoraci), armored fish most diverse during the Devonian. Most are considered to be pelagic (open ocean) long-distance swimmers, leading to their widespread distribution beginning from at least the Middle Devonian period. Phylogeny Pachyosteomorphi is the sister taxon to Coccosteomorphi, which together are the two main sub-clades of Eubrachythoraci. Pachyosteomorphi can be further sub-divided into Aspinothoracidi and Dunkleosteoidea, as shown in the cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to d ... below: References Arthrodires {{Placoderm-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Golshanichthys Asiatica
''Golshanichthys'' is an extinct monospecific genus of dunkleosteid from the Late Devonian: Frasnian stage from Kerman, Iran. Phylogeny ''Golshanichthys'' belongs to the family Dunkleosteidae, closely related to the giant ''Dunkleosteus''. The phylogeny of ''Golshanichthys'' can be shown in the cladogram below: Alternatively, the subsequent 2016 Zhu ''et al.'' study using a larger morphological dataset recovered Panxiosteidae well outside of Dunkleosteoidea, leaving the status of Dunkleosteidae Dunkleosteidae is an extinct family of arthrodire placoderms that lived during the Devonian period. The gigantic apex predator ''Dunkleosteus terrelli'' is the best known member of this group. Phylogeny While members of Dunkleosteidae were prev ... as a clade grouping separate from Dunkleosteoidea in doubt, as shown in the cladogram below: References Arthrodires Placoderms of Asia {{placoderm-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kiangyousteus Yohii
''Kiangyousteus'' is an extinct monotypic genus of dunkleosteid from the Middle Devonian: Givetian aged Guanwu Formation in the Sichuan province of south-western China. The type species, ''Kiangyousteus yohii'', was the first known arthrodire from Asia. Etymology ''Kiangyousteus'' is named after Jiangyou (formerly ‘Kiangyou’) district of Sichuan Province, the location where the fossils were found in 1953 by Professor S. H. Yoh of Peking University. Phylogeny ''Kiangyousteus'' belongs to the family Dunkleosteidae. The phylogeny of ''Kiangyousteus'' can be shown in the cladogram below: Alternatively, the subsequent 2016 Zhu ''et al.'' study using a larger morphological dataset recovered Panxiosteidae well outside of Dunkleosteoidea, leaving the status of Dunkleosteidae Dunkleosteidae is an extinct family of arthrodire placoderms that lived during the Devonian period. The gigantic apex predator ''Dunkleosteus terrelli'' is the best known member of this group. Phylogen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eastmanosteus Pustulosus
''Eastmanosteus'' ("Eastman's bone") is a fossil genus of dunkleosteid placoderms. It was closely related to the giant ''Dunkleosteus'', but differed from that genus in size, in possessing a distinctive tuberculated bone ornament, a differently shaped nuchal plate and a more zig-zagging course of the sutures of the skull roof.http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/200812/W020090813371138329343.pdf Species of ''Eastmanosteus'' had powerful jaws with sharp cutting edges and were likely active predators. Fossils have been found in many parts of the world in marine sediments dating from the Middle to Late Devonian. They were medium-to-large fish, with specimens ''E. pustulosus'' and ''E. licharevi'' approaching a total length of 3 metres. Complete exoskeletons with soft-tissue traces of ''E. calliaspis'' from Australia make this one of the best known dunkleosteids. Phylogeny ''Eastmanosteus'' and its relative ''Dunkleosteus'' belong to the family Dunkleosteidae. The phylogeny of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
