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Lymphocyte Cytosolic Protein 2
Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2 (SH2 domain containing leukocyte protein of 76kDa), also known as LCP2 or SLP-76, is a signal-transducing adaptor protein expressed in T cells and myeloid cells and is important in the signaling of T-cell receptors (TCRs). As an adaptor protein, SLP-76 does not have catalytic functions, primarily binding other signaling proteins to form larger signaling complexes. It is a key component of the signaling pathways of receptors with immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) such as T-cell receptors, its precursors, and receptors for the Fc regions of certain antibodies. SLP-76 is expressed in T-cells and related lymphocytes like natural killer cells. Structure and function The amino acid sequence of the protein has a central domain with a high concentration of prolines, as well as domains at the amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal of the amino acid sequence. The PDB file 1H3H depicts the SH3 domain of GRAP2 in complex with an RSTK-con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Signal Transduction
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, most commonly protein phosphorylation catalyzed by protein kinases, which ultimately results in a cellular response. Proteins responsible for detecting stimuli are generally termed receptors, although in some cases the term sensor is used. The changes elicited by ligand binding (or signal sensing) in a receptor give rise to a biochemical cascade, which is a chain of biochemical events known as a signaling pathway. When signaling pathways interact with one another they form networks, which allow cellular responses to be coordinated, often by combinatorial signaling events. At the molecular level, such responses include changes in the transcription or translation of genes, and post-translational and conformational changes in proteins, as well as changes in their location. These molecular events are the basic mechanisms controlling cell growth, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tyrosine Kinase
A tyrosine kinase is an enzyme that can transfer a phosphate group from ATP to the tyrosine residues of specific proteins inside a cell. It functions as an "on" or "off" switch in many cellular functions. Tyrosine kinases belong to a larger class of enzymes known as protein kinases which also attach phosphates to other amino acids such as serine and threonine. Phosphorylation of proteins by kinases is an important mechanism for communicating signals within a cell (signal transduction) and regulating cellular activity, such as cell division. Protein kinases can become mutated, stuck in the "on" position, and cause unregulated growth of the cell, which is a necessary step for the development of cancer. Therefore, kinase inhibitors, such as imatinib and osimertinib, are often effective cancer treatments. Most tyrosine kinases have an associated protein tyrosine phosphatase, which removes the phosphate group. Reaction Protein kinases are a group of enzymes that possess a catal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
VAV1
Proto-oncogene vav is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''VAV1'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this proto-oncogene is a member of the Dbl family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) for the Rho family of GTP binding proteins. The protein is important in hematopoiesis, playing a role in T-cell and B-cell development and activation. This particular GEF has been identified as the specific binding partner of Nef proteins from HIV-1. Coexpression and binding of these partners initiates profound morphological changes, cytoskeletal rearrangements and the JNK/SAPK signaling cascade, leading to increased levels of viral transcription and replication. Interactions VAV1 has been shown to interact with: * ARHGDIB, * Abl gene, * Cbl gene * EZH2, * Grb2, * JAK2, * Ku70, * LAT, * LCP2, * MAPK1, * PIK3R1, * PLCG1, * PRKCQ, * S100B, * SHB, * SIAH2, and * Syk Tyrosine-protein kinase SYK, also known as spleen tyrosine kinase, is an enzyme which in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SHB (gene)
SH2 domain-containing adapter protein B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''SHB'' gene. Interactions SHB (gene) has been shown to interact with: * EPS8, * Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, * Linker of activated T cells, * Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2, * PIK3R1, * Src, * VAV1, and * ZAP-70 ZAP-70 (Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70) is a protein normally expressed near the surface membrane of lymphocytes (T cells, natural killer cells, and a subset of B cells). It is most prominently known to be recruited upon antigen binding t .... References Further reading * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{gene-9-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PTPN6
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6, also known as Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PTPN6'' gene. Function The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. N-terminal part of this PTP contains two tandem Src homolog ( SH2) domains, which act as protein phospho-tyrosine binding domains, and mediate the interaction of this PTP with its substrates. This PTP is expressed primarily in hematopoietic cells, and functions as an important regulator of multiple signaling pathways in hematopoietic cells. This PTP has been shown to interact with, and dephosphorylate a wide spectrum of phospho-proteins involved in hematopoietic cell signaling, (e.g., the LYN-CD22-SHP-1 pathway). Multiple ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PLCG1
Phospholipase C, gamma 1, also known as PLCG1,is a protein that in humans involved in cell growth, migration, apoptosis, and proliferation. It is encoded by the ''PLCG1'' gene and is part of the PLC superfamily. Function PLCγ1 is a cell growth factor from the PLC superfamily. PLCγ1 is used during the cell growth and in a cell migration and apoptosis, all of which are vital cell processes that, if disrupted by mutations, can cause cancerous cells to form within the body. Mutations in this protein show an increase in issues in cells regarding regulation of proliferation and their cell signaling. PLCγ1 roles are also involved in neuronal actin growth, calcium signaling, and brain development. It is highly regulated by multiple factors, such as PIK3, AMPK, and FAK. It is part of the PIP3 pathway and leads to and increase in calcium in the cells. In neuronal cells, PLCγ1 is highly involved in actin cytoskeleton organization and synaptic plasticity. The basic PLCγ1 pathway, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PIK3R1
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulatory subunit alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''PIK3R1'' gene. Function Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase phosphorylates the inositol ring of phosphatidylinositol at the 3-prime position. The enzyme comprises a 110 kD catalytic subunit and a regulatory subunit of either 85, 55, or 50 kD. This gene encodes the 85 kD regulatory subunit. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase plays an important role in the metabolic actions of insulin, and a mutation in this gene has been associated with insulin resistance. Alternative splicing of this gene results in three transcript variants encoding different isoforms. Clinical significance Mutations in ''PIK3R1'' are implicated in cases of breast cancer. Mutations in PIK3R1 are associated to SHORT syndrome. Interactions PIK3R1 has been shown to interact with: * ADAM12, * BCAR1, * CBLB, * CD117, * CD28, * CD7, * CENTG1, * CBL, * EPHA2, * EPOR, * ERBB3, * EZR, * FCGR2A, * GAB1, * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ITK (gene)
Tyrosine-protein kinase ITK/TSK also known as interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase or simply ITK, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''ITK'' gene. ITK is a member of the TEC family of kinases and is highly expressed in T cells. Function This gene encodes an intracellular tyrosine kinase expressed in T-cells. The protein is thought to play a role in T-cell proliferation and differentiation. ITK is functionally important for the development and effector function of Th2 and Th17 cells. Mice lacking ITK were shown to not be susceptible to asthma. Structure This protein contains the following domains, which are often found in intracellular kinases: * N-terminus – PH (pleckstrin homology domain) * TH – Tec family homology domain (including Bruton's tyrosine kinase Cys-rich motif and Proline rich region) * SH3 – (Src homology 3) * SH2 – (Src homology 2) * C-terminus – tyrosine kinase, catalytic domain Interactions ITK (gene) has been shown to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cbl Gene
''Cbl'' (named after Casitas B-lineage Lymphoma) is a mammalian gene encoding the protein CBL which is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase involved in cell signalling and protein ubiquitination. Mutations to this gene have been implicated in a number of human cancers, particularly acute myeloid leukaemia. Discovery In 1989 a virally encoded portion of the chromosomal mouse ''Cbl'' gene was the first member of the Cbl family to be discovered and was named ''v-Cbl'' to distinguish it from normal mouse ''c-Cbl''. The virus used in the experiment was a mouse-tropic strain of Murine leukemia virus isolated from the brain of a mouse captured at Lake Casitas, California known as ''Cas-Br-M'', and was found to have excised approximately a third of the original ''c-Cbl'' gene from a mouse into which it was injected. Sequencing revealed that the portion carried by the retrovirus encoded a ''tyrosine kinase binding domain'', and that this was the oncogenic form as retroviruses carrying ful ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Allelic Exclusion
Allelic exclusion is a process by which only one allele of a gene is expressed while the other allele is silenced. This phenomenon is most notable for playing a role in the development of B lymphocytes, where allelic exclusion allows for each mature B lymphocyte to express only one type of immunoglobulin. This subsequently results in each B lymphocyte being able to recognize only one antigen. This is significant as the co-expression of both alleles in B lymphocytes is associated with autoimmunity and the production of autoantibodies. Many regulatory processes can lead to allelic exclusion. In one instance, one allele of the gene can become transcriptionally silent, resulting in the transcription and expression of only the other allele. This could be caused in part by decreased methylation of the expressed allele. Conversely, allelic exclusion can also be regulated through asynchronous allelic rearrangement. In this case, both alleles are transcribed but only one becomes a functiona ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea. In eukaryotes, it extends from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane and is composed of similar proteins in the various organisms. It is composed of three main components, microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules, and these are all capable of rapid growth or disassembly dependent on the cell's requirements. A multitude of functions can be performed by the cytoskeleton. Its primary function is to give the cell its shape and mechanical resistance to deformation, and through association with extracellular connective tissue and other cells it stabilizes entire tissues. The cytoskeleton can also contract, thereby deforming the cell and the cell's environment and allowing cells to migrate. Moreover, it is involved in many cell signaling pathways and in the uptake of extracellular material ( endocytosis), the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
