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Lower P-series
In abstract algebra, the focal subgroup theorem describes the fusion of elements in a Sylow subgroup of a finite group. The focal subgroup theorem was introduced in and is the "first major application of the transfer" according to . The focal subgroup theorem relates the ideas of transfer and fusion such as described in . Various applications of these ideas include local criteria for ''p''-nilpotence and various non-simplicity criteria focussing on showing that a finite group has a normal subgroup of index ''p''. Background The focal subgroup theorem relates several lines of investigation in finite group theory: normal subgroups of index a power of ''p'', the transfer homomorphism, and fusion of elements. Subgroups The following three normal subgroups of index a power of ''p'' are naturally defined, and arise as the smallest normal subgroups such that the quotient is (a certain kind of) ''p''-group. Formally, they are kernels of the reflection onto the reflective subcat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abstract Algebra
In mathematics, more specifically algebra, abstract algebra or modern algebra is the study of algebraic structures. Algebraic structures include groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, lattices, and algebras over a field. The term ''abstract algebra'' was coined in the early 20th century to distinguish this area of study from older parts of algebra, and more specifically from elementary algebra, the use of variables to represent numbers in computation and reasoning. Algebraic structures, with their associated homomorphisms, form mathematical categories. Category theory is a formalism that allows a unified way for expressing properties and constructions that are similar for various structures. Universal algebra is a related subject that studies types of algebraic structures as single objects. For example, the structure of groups is a single object in universal algebra, which is called the ''variety of groups''. History Before the nineteenth century, algebra meant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philip Hall
Philip Hall FRS (11 April 1904 – 30 December 1982), was an English mathematician. His major work was on group theory, notably on finite groups and solvable groups. Biography He was educated first at Christ's Hospital, where he won the Thompson Gold Medal for mathematics, and later at King's College, Cambridge. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1951 and awarded its Sylvester Medal in 1961. He was President of the London Mathematical Society in 1955–1957, and awarded its Berwick Prize in 1958 and De Morgan Medal in 1965. Publications * * * See also * Abstract clone * Commutator collecting process * Isoclinism of groups * Regular p-group * Three subgroups lemma * Hall algebra, and Hall polynomials * Hall subgroup * Hall–Higman theorem * Hall–Littlewood polynomial * Hall's universal group * Hall's marriage theorem * Hall word * Hall–Witt identity * Irwin–Hall distribution * Zappa–Szép product In mathematics, especially group theory, the Zap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transactions Of The American Mathematical Society
The ''Transactions of the American Mathematical Society'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of mathematics published by the American Mathematical Society. It was established in 1900. As a requirement, all articles must be more than 15 printed pages. See also * ''Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society'' * '' Journal of the American Mathematical Society'' * ''Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society'' * ''Notices of the American Mathematical Society'' * ''Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society'' External links * ''Transactions of the American Mathematical Society''on JSTOR JSTOR (; short for ''Journal Storage'') is a digital library founded in 1995 in New York City. Originally containing digitized back issues of academic journals, it now encompasses books and other primary sources as well as current issues of j ... American Mathematical Society academic journals Mathematics journals Publications established in 1900 {{math-journal-st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Algebra
''Journal of Algebra'' (ISSN 0021-8693) is an international mathematical research journal in algebra. An imprint of Academic Press, it is published by Elsevier. ''Journal of Algebra'' was founded by Graham Higman, who was its editor from 1964 to 1984. From 1985 until 2000, Walter Feit served as its editor-in-chief. In 2004, ''Journal of Algebra'' announced (vol. 276, no. 1 and 2) the creation of a new section on computational algebra, with a separate editorial board. The first issue completely devoted to computational algebra was vol. 292, no. 1 (October 2005). The Editor-in-Chief of the ''Journal of Algebra'' is Michel Broué, Université Paris Diderot, and Gerhard Hiß, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen ( RWTH) is Editor of the computational algebra section. See also *Susan Montgomery M. Susan Montgomery (born 2 April 1943 in Lansing, MI) is a distinguished American mathematician whose current research interests concern noncommutative algebras: in parti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dihedral Group
In mathematics, a dihedral group is the group of symmetries of a regular polygon, which includes rotations and reflections. Dihedral groups are among the simplest examples of finite groups, and they play an important role in group theory, geometry, and chemistry. The notation for the dihedral group differs in geometry and abstract algebra. In geometry, or refers to the symmetries of the -gon, a group of order . In abstract algebra, refers to this same dihedral group. This article uses the geometric convention, . Definition Elements A regular polygon with n sides has 2n different symmetries: n rotational symmetries and n reflection symmetries. Usually, we take n \ge 3 here. The associated rotations and reflections make up the dihedral group \mathrm_n. If n is odd, each axis of symmetry connects the midpoint of one side to the opposite vertex. If n is even, there are n/2 axes of symmetry connecting the midpoints of opposite sides and n/2 axes of symmetry connecting oppo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Generalized Quaternion Group
In group theory, the quaternion group Q8 (sometimes just denoted by Q) is a non-abelian group of order eight, isomorphic to the eight-element subset \ of the quaternions under multiplication. It is given by the group presentation :\mathrm_8 = \langle \bar,i,j,k \mid \bar^2 = e, \;i^2 = j^2 = k^2 = ijk = \bar \rangle , where ''e'' is the identity element and commutes with the other elements of the group. Another presentation of Q8 is :\mathrm_8 = \langle a,b \mid a^4 = e, a^2 = b^2, ba = a^b\rangle. Compared to dihedral group The quaternion group Q8 has the same order as the dihedral group D4, but a different structure, as shown by their Cayley and cycle graphs: In the diagrams for D4, the group elements are marked with their action on a letter F in the defining representation R2. The same cannot be done for Q8, since it has no faithful representation in R2 or R3. D4 can be realized as a subset of the split-quaternions in the same way that Q8 can be viewed as a sub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quasi-dihedral Group
In mathematics, the quasi-dihedral groups, also called semi-dihedral groups, are certain non-abelian groups of order a power of 2. For every positive integer ''n'' greater than or equal to 4, there are exactly four isomorphism classes of non-abelian groups of order 2''n'' which have a cyclic subgroup of index 2. Two are well known, the generalized quaternion group and the dihedral group. One of the remaining two groups is often considered particularly important, since it is an example of a 2-group of maximal nilpotency class. In Bertram Huppert's text ''Endliche Gruppen'', this group is called a "Quasidiedergruppe". In Daniel Gorenstein's text, ''Finite Groups'', this group is called the "semidihedral group". Dummit and Foote refer to it as the "quasidihedral group"; we adopt that name in this article. All give the same presentation for this group: :\langle r,s \mid r^ = s^2 = 1,\ srs = r^\rangle\,\!. The other non-abelian 2-group with cyclic subgroup of index 2 is not giv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alperin–Brauer–Gorenstein Theorem
In mathematics, the Alperin–Brauer–Gorenstein theorem characterizes the finite simple groups with quasidihedral or wreathedA 2-group is wreathed if it is a nonabelian semidirect product of a maximal subgroup that is a direct product of two cyclic groups of the same order, that is, if it is the wreath product of a cyclic 2-group with the symmetric group on 2 points. Sylow 2-subgroups. These are isomorphic either to three-dimensional projective special linear groups or projective special unitary groups over a finite field of odd order, depending on a certain congruence, or to the Mathieu group In group theory, a topic in abstract algebra, the Mathieu groups are the five sporadic simple groups ''M''11, ''M''12, ''M''22, ''M''23 and ''M''24 introduced by . They are multiply transitive permutation groups on 11, 12, 22, 23 or 24 obje ... M_. proved this in the course of 261 pages. The subdivision by 2-fusion is sketched there, given as an exercise in , and presented in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Split Exact Sequence
In mathematics, a split exact sequence is a short exact sequence in which the middle term is built out of the two outer terms in the simplest possible way. Equivalent characterizations A short exact sequence of abelian groups or of modules over a fixed ring, or more generally of objects in an abelian category :0 \to A \mathrel B \mathrel C \to 0 is called split exact if it is isomorphic to the exact sequence where the middle term is the direct sum of the outer ones: :0 \to A \mathrel A \oplus C \mathrel C \to 0 The requirement that the sequence is isomorphic means that there is an isomorphism f : B \to A \oplus C such that the composite f \circ a is the natural inclusion i: A \to A \oplus C and such that the composite p \circ f equals ''b''. This can be summarized by a commutative diagram as: The splitting lemma provides further equivalent characterizations of split exact sequences. Examples A trivial example of a split short exact sequence is :0 \to M_1 \mathrel M_1\oplus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homotopy Theory
In mathematics, homotopy theory is a systematic study of situations in which maps can come with homotopies between them. It originated as a topic in algebraic topology but nowadays is studied as an independent discipline. Besides algebraic topology, the theory has also been used in other areas of mathematics such as algebraic geometry (e.g., A1 homotopy theory) and category theory (specifically the study of higher categories). Concepts Spaces and maps In homotopy theory and algebraic topology, the word "space" denotes a topological space. In order to avoid pathologies, one rarely works with arbitrary spaces; instead, one requires spaces to meet extra constraints, such as being compactly generated, or Hausdorff, or a CW complex. In the same vein as above, a "map" is a continuous function, possibly with some extra constraints. Often, one works with a pointed space -- that is, a space with a "distinguished point", called a basepoint. A pointed map is then a map which preserv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Equivariant Cohomology
In mathematics, equivariant cohomology (or ''Borel cohomology'') is a cohomology theory from algebraic topology which applies to topological spaces with a ''group action''. It can be viewed as a common generalization of group cohomology and an ordinary cohomology theory. Specifically, the equivariant cohomology ring of a space X with action of a topological group G is defined as the ordinary cohomology ring with coefficient ring \Lambda of the homotopy quotient EG \times_G X: :H_G^*(X; \Lambda) = H^*(EG \times_G X; \Lambda). If G is the trivial group, this is the ordinary cohomology ring of X, whereas if X is contractible, it reduces to the cohomology ring of the classifying space BG (that is, the group cohomology of G when ''G'' is finite.) If ''G'' acts freely on ''X'', then the canonical map EG \times_G X \to X/G is a homotopy equivalence and so one gets: H_G^*(X; \Lambda) = H^*(X/G; \Lambda). Definitions It is also possible to define the equivariant cohomology H_G^*(X;A) of X ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algebraic Topology
Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariant (mathematics), invariants that classification theorem, classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to Homotopy#Homotopy equivalence and null-homotopy, homotopy equivalence. Although algebraic topology primarily uses algebra to study topological problems, using topology to solve algebraic problems is sometimes also possible. Algebraic topology, for example, allows for a convenient proof that any subgroup of a free group is again a free group. Main branches of algebraic topology Below are some of the main areas studied in algebraic topology: Homotopy groups In mathematics, homotopy groups are used in algebraic topology to classify topological spaces. The first and simplest homotopy group is the fundamental group, which records information about loops in a space. Intuitively, homotopy gro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
