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Letter Of The Twenty Two
The ''Letter of the Twenty Two'' was a letter written by twenty two working class members of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) expressing their concerns about the rift which they perceived between workers and party leaders. It was addressed to the Executive Committee of the Communist International and sent on February 26, 1922. The original twenty two signatories were all metalworkers. However Alexandra Kollontai and Zoya Shadurskaia, both prominent Bolshevik women of Nobility, noble background, subsequently signed the letter. Signatories The signatories of the letter were as follows: * Mikhail Ivanovich Lobanov (1889–1929) * Nikolai Vladimirovich Kuznetsov (1884–1937) * A. Polosatov * Aleksandr Nikolaevich Medvedev (1892–1944) * Gavril Myasnikov * V. Pleshkov * G. Shokhanov * Sergei Medvedev (revolutionary), Sergei Pavlovich Medvedev * Genrikh Ivanovich Bruno (1889–1937) (party member since 1906) * Aleksandr (Iosif) Grigorevich Pravdin (1879–1938) (1899) * I. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Working Class
The working class (or labouring class) comprises those engaged in manual-labour occupations or industrial work, who are remunerated via waged or salaried contracts. Working-class occupations (see also " Designation of workers by collar colour") include blue-collar jobs, and most pink-collar jobs. Members of the working class rely exclusively upon earnings from wage labour; thus, according to more inclusive definitions, the category can include almost all of the working population of industrialized economies, as well as those employed in the urban areas (cities, towns, villages) of non-industrialized economies or in the rural workforce. Definitions As with many terms describing social class, ''working class'' is defined and used in many different ways. The most general definition, used by many socialists, is that the working class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labour. These people used to be referred to as the proletariat, but that term has gone out of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik)
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU),; abbreviated in Russian as or also known by #Name, various other names during its history, was the founding and ruling party of the Soviet Union. The CPSU was the One-party state, sole governing party of the Soviet Union until 1990 when the Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union, Congress of People's Deputies modified Article 6 of the Soviet Constitution, Article 6 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, which had previously granted the CPSU a monopoly over the political system. The party has its roots in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). The RSDLP was founded in 1898, when Russian Empire, Russia was ruled by an absolute monarchy. The broad anti-Tsarist ideology was the driving factor in its initial growth. Russians across the political spectrum flocked to the party, as Marxism, Marxists, socialists, and centrists made up its ranks. Despite the Tsar's harsh oppression including imprisoning and even executing p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Executive Committee Of The Communist International
The Executive Committee of the Communist International, commonly known by its acronym, ECCI (Russian acronym ИККИ), was the governing authority of the Comintern between the World Congresses of that body. The ECCI was established by the Founding Congress of the Comintern in 1919 and was dissolved with the rest of the Comintern in May 1943. Organizational history Establishment The Communist International was established at a gathering convened in Moscow at the behest of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). As early as December 24, 1918, a radio appeal had been issued by the ruling party of Soviet Russia calling on "communists of all countries" to boycott any attempts of reformists to reestablish the Second International, but to instead "rally around the revolutionary Third International." The formal call for a conference of revolutionary socialist political parties and radical trade unions espousing revolutionary industrial unionism had been issued on January 24, 1919, wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metalworker
Metalworking is the process of shaping and reshaping metals to create useful objects, parts, assemblies, and large scale structures. As a term it covers a wide and diverse range of processes, skills, and tools for producing objects on every scale: from huge ships, buildings, and bridges down to precise engine parts and delicate jewelry. The historical roots of metalworking predate recorded history; its use spans cultures, civilizations and millennia. It has evolved from shaping soft, native metals like gold with simple hand tools, through the smelting of ores and hot forging of harder metals like iron, up to highly technical modern processes such as machining and welding. It has been used as an industry, a driver of trade, individual hobbies, and in the creation of art; it can be regarded as both a science and a craft. Modern metalworking processes, though diverse and specialized, can be categorized into one of three broad areas known as forming, cutting, or joining processes. Mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexandra Kollontai
Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai (russian: Алекса́ндра Миха́йловна Коллонта́й, née Domontovich, Домонто́вич; – 9 March 1952) was a Russian revolutionary, politician, diplomat and Theoretician (Marxism), Marxist theoretician. Serving as the People's Commissariat, People's Commissar for Welfare in Vladimir Lenin's government in 1917–1918, she was a highly prominent woman within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Bolshevik party and the first woman in history to become an official member of a governing cabinet.Encyclopedia of Women's Autobiography p. 326. - "In the first Soviet government, formed in the fall of 1917, Kollontai was appointed people's commissar (minister) for social welfare. She was the only woman in the cabinet but also the firs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zoya Shadurskaia
Zoya Leonidovna Shadurskaia (1873-1939) was a well-educated Russian noble who was active in Russian revolutionary movement from the 1890s. She was a feminist and remained life long friends with Alexandra Kollontai. Zoya met Kollantai as a child in 1877 in Bulgaria during the Russo-Turkish War. Political activism She supported the Zimmerwald movement in Paris during the First World War. She returned to Russia in 1917 and joined the Bolsheviks. Like Kollontai she was active in the Workers' Opposition and in 1922 with her was one of the two people who signed the ''Letter of the Twenty Two The ''Letter of the Twenty Two'' was a letter written by twenty two working class members of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) expressing their concerns about the rift which they perceived between workers and party leaders. It was addressed ...'' following its initial publication. References {{DEFAULTSORT:Shadurskaia, Zoya 1873 births 1939 deaths Bolsheviks Nobility from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolshevik
The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English as the Bolshevists,. It signifies both Bolsheviks and adherents of Bolshevik policies. were a far-left, revolutionary Marxist faction founded by Vladimir Lenin that split with the Mensheviks from the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), a revolutionary socialist political party formed in 1898, at its Second Party Congress in 1903. After forming their own party in 1912, the Bolsheviks took power during the October Revolution in the Russian Republic in November 1917, overthrowing the Provisional Government of Alexander Kerensky, and became the only ruling party in the subsequent Soviet Russia and later the Soviet Union. They considered themselves the leaders of the revolutionary proletariat of Russia. Their beliefs and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nobility
Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy (class), aristocracy. It is normally ranked immediately below Royal family, royalty. Nobility has often been an Estates of the realm, estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. The characteristics associated with nobility may constitute substantial advantages over or relative to non-nobles or simply formal functions (e.g., Order of precedence, precedence), and vary by country and by era. Membership in the nobility, including rights and responsibilities, is typically Hereditary title, hereditary and Patrilinearity, patrilineal. Membership in the nobility has historically been granted by a monarch or government, and acquisition of sufficient power, wealth, ownerships, or royal favour has occasionally enabled commoners to ascend into the nobility. There are often a variety of ranks within the noble class. Legal recognition of nobility has been much more common in monarchies, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gavril Myasnikov
Gavril Ilyich Myasnikov (russian: Гавриил Ильич Мясников; February 25, 1889, Chistopol, Kazan Governorate – November 16, 1945, Moscow), also transliterated as Gavriil Il'ich Miasnikov, was a Russian Communism, communist revolutionary, a metalworker from the Urals, and one of the first Bolsheviks to oppose and criticise the communist dictatorship . Political career Born in to a working-class family, Gabriel Myasnikov left school at 11, to start work as a mechanic in the Motovilikha Plants, Motovilikha arms factory, in the Perm, Russia, Perm region. During the 1905 Russian Revolution, 1905 Revolution, he joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party and was involved in expropriating weapons, and ran combat unit. He joined the Bolsheviks in 1906. He was arrested that same year and exiled to Eastern Siberia, but escaped in June 1908. He was arrested again in 1909 and 1911, but escaped each time. Arrested for the fourth time, in Baku in 1913, he spent four years in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sergei Medvedev (revolutionary)
Sergei Pavlovich Medvedev (russian: Серге́й Па́влович Медве́дев; 15 March 1885 – 10 September 1937) was a Russian Bolshevik revolutionary, metalworker, and trade union organizer. He was born into the peasant estate in a family of Russians, Russian ethnicity in Kortino, Moscow Governorate and grew up in the countryside near Moscow and in St. Petersburg. After receiving a primary school education, he began factory work at age thirteen. He first worked at the Obukhov State Plant, Obukhov factory in St. Petersburg and participated in the 1901 Obukhov strike. He became a socialist at age fifteen and joined the Bolsheviks when the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party split in 1903. Medvedev was active in the revolutionary underground, organizing illegal party cells. The tsarist government sentenced him numerous times to prison and to terms of exile within Russia. Medvedev was also an organizer in the underground section of the insurance movement in 1912- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Shliapnikov
Alexander Gavrilovich Shliapnikov (russian: link=no, Алекса́ндр Гаври́лович Шля́пников) (August 30, 1885 – September 2, 1937) was a Russian communist revolutionary, metalworker, and trade union leader. He is best remembered as a memoirist of the October Revolution of 1917 and as the leader of the Workers' Opposition, one of the primary opposition movements inside the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), Russian Communist Party during the 1920s. Biography Early years Alexander Shliapnikov was born August 30, 1885, in Murom, Russian Empire to a poor family of the Old Believer religion. His father died when he was a small child. In 1898, at the age of 13, Shliapnikov began factory work at the Kondratov factory in Vacha, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Vacha, and one year later began working in Sormovsky City District, Sormovo factories in Nizhny Novgorod, where he had his first encounter with Marxist literature. At the invitation of his older brother Peter, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conference Of The Twenty Two
The Conference of the Twenty Two was an important organizational meeting in the foundation of the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. Despite its name the conference was only attended by 19 people, the remaining three adding their names to the text subsequently. The conference adopted Vladimir Lenin's text ''To the Party''. Attendees The conference was held near Geneva between 30 July and 1 August 1904. It was attended by: * Vladimir Lenin * Alexander Bogdanov * Vladimir Bonch-Bruevich * * Sergey Ivanovich Gusev * Pyotr Krasikov See also *''Letter of the Twenty Two The ''Letter of the Twenty Two'' was a letter written by twenty two working class members of the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) expressing their concerns about the rift which they perceived between workers and party leaders. It was addressed ...'', 1922 References {{reflist Bolsheviks 1904 in Switzerland ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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