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Leopold Alois Hoffmann
Leopold Alois Hoffmann (29 January 1760 – 2 September 1806) was an Austrian writer and dramatist. He was based for most of his career in Vienna. As the "secret state" elements of the Habsburg empire evolved, especially in Vienna itself, during the government backlash against the reforms of Emperor Joseph II, a number of contemporary sources identify Hoffmann as a government spy. Life Hoffmann was born in Niederwittig in northern Bohemia (today Dolnà VÃtkov, part of Chrastava in the Czech Republic). His father, Johann Friedrich Hoffmann (1720–1767), was a successful shoe maker and tailor. He attended the prestigious Matthias-Gymnasium in Breslau (today WrocÅ‚aw in Poland), a Jesuit establishment in neighbouring Prussia, studied briefly in Vienna and then, in 1777, settled in Prague where he launched himself as a writer – described by one influential source as a "spiritually careless writer" (''"..aber gesinnungsmäßig leichtfertiger Schriftstelle"''). His first subst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chrastava
Chrastava (; german: Kratzau) is a town in Liberec District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 6,300 inhabitants. Administrative parts Chrastava is made up of town parts of Chrastava, Dolnà Chrastava and Hornà Chrastava, and of villages of AndÄ›lská Hora, Dolnà VÃtkov, Hornà VÃtkov, VÃska and Vysoká. Geography Chrastava is located about northwest of Liberec. On the north, the municipal territory borders Germany. It lies mostly in the Zittau Basin, but it also extends into the Jizera Mountains on the north and to the JeÅ¡tÄ›d–Kozákov Ridge on the south. The town is situated at the confluence of the rivers Lusatian Neisse and JeÅ™ice. History The first written mention of Chrastava is from 1352 as ''Cratzauia'', already referred to as quite big settlement. It was founded probably at the end of the 13th century by German settlers, having been invited by King Ottokar II of Bohemia. They came mainly from the town of Pirna in Saxony and began to min ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freemasonry
Freemasonry or Masonry refers to fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local guilds of stonemasons that, from the end of the 13th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients. Modern Freemasonry broadly consists of two main recognition groups: * Regular Freemasonry insists that a volume of scripture be open in a working lodge, that every member profess belief in a Supreme Being, that no women be admitted, and that the discussion of religion and politics be banned. * Continental Freemasonry consists of the jurisdictions that have removed some, or all, of these restrictions. The basic, local organisational unit of Freemasonry is the Lodge. These private Lodges are usually supervised at the regional level (usually coterminous with a state, province, or national border) by a Grand Lodge or Grand Orient. There is no international, worldwide Grand Lodge that supervises all of Freemasonry; each Grand Lod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Éminence Grise
An ''éminence grise'' () or grey eminence is a powerful decision-maker or adviser who operates "behind the scenes", or in a non-public or unofficial capacity. This phrase originally referred to François Leclerc du Tremblay, the right-hand man of Cardinal Richelieu. Leclerc was a Capuchin friar who was renowned for his beige robe attire, as beige was termed "grey" in that era. The style ''His Eminence'' is used to address or refer to a cardinal in the Roman Catholic Church. Although Leclerc never achieved the rank of cardinal, those around him addressed him as such in deference to the considerable influence this "grey" friar held over "His Eminence the Cardinal". As a result, the term grey cardinal has also been used. Leclerc is referred to in several popular works. Aldous Huxley wrote an English biography of Leclerc entitled ''Grey Eminence''. There is also an 1873 painting by Jean-Léon Gérôme, ''L'Éminence Grise'', which depicts him descending the grand staircase of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pan-Germanism
Pan-Germanism (german: Pangermanismus or '), also occasionally known as Pan-Germanicism, is a pan-nationalist political idea. Pan-Germanists originally sought to unify all the German-speaking people – and possibly also Germanic-speaking peoples – in a single nation-state known as the Greater Germanic Reich (german: Großgermanisches Reich), fully styled the Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation (german: Großgermanisches Reich der Deutschen Nation). Pan-Germanism was highly influential in German politics in the 19th century during the unification of Germany when the German Empire was proclaimed as a nation-state in 1871 but without Austria (Kleindeutsche Lösung/Lesser Germany), and the first half of the 20th century in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the German Empire. From the late 19th century, many Pan-Germanist thinkers, since 1891 organized in the Pan-German League, had adopted openly ethnocentric and racist ideologies, and ultimately gave rise to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vienna University
The University of Vienna (german: Universität Wien) is a public university, public research university located in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is the oldest university in the Geographical distribution of German speakers, German-speaking world. With its long and rich history, the university has developed into one of the largest universities in Europe, and also one of the most renowned, especially in the Humanities. It is associated with 21 List of Nobel laureates, Nobel prize winners and has been the academic home to many scholars of historical as well as of academic importance. History From the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment The university was founded on March 12, 1365, by Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria, hence the name "Alma Mater Rudolphina". After the Charles University in Prague and Jagiellonian University in Kraków, the University of Vienna is the third oldest university in Central Europe and the oldest universit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Revolution
The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considered fundamental principles of liberal democracy, while phrases like ''liberté, égalité, fraternité'' reappeared in other revolts, such as the 1917 Russian Revolution, and inspired campaigns for the abolition of slavery and universal suffrage. The values and institutions it created dominate French politics to this day. Its causes are generally agreed to be a combination of social, political and economic factors, which the ''Ancien Régime'' proved unable to manage. In May 1789, widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates General, which was converted into a National Assembly in June. Continuing unrest culminated in the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July, which led to a series of radical measures by the Assembly, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
, house =Habsburg-Lorraine , father = Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor , mother = Maria Theresa of Hungary and Bohemia , religion =Roman Catholicism , succession1 =Grand Duke of Tuscany , reign1 =18 August 1765 – 22 July 1790 , predecessor1 = Francis Stephen , successor1 = Ferdinand III , date of burial = , place of burial =Imperial Crypt , signature =Signatur Leopold II. (HRR).PNG Leopold II (Peter Leopold Josef Anton Joachim Pius Gotthard; 5 May 1747 – 1 March 1792) was Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary and Bohemia, and Archduke of Austria from 1790 to 1792, and Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1765 to 1790. He was a son of Empress Maria Theresa and her husband, Emperor Francis I, and the brother of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, Maria Carolina, Queen of Naples, Maria Amalia, Duchess of Parma, and Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor. Leopold was a moderate proponent of enlightened absolutism. He granted the Academ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Franz Gotthardi
Franz Gotthardi / Gotthardi Ferenc (1750 - 1795) was a Hungarian-born businessman who became a senior Police officer and subsequently emerged as the head of political investigation for the Habsburg monarchy. He fell from favour and died in prison after a new emperor came to power. Biography Franz Gotthardi was probably born in Pest. It was in Pest that he built his career as a businessman and opened a coffeehouse. One source identifies him as a "formerly bankrupted coffee trader" During the time of Emperor Joseph II Gotthardi emerged as a police officer becoming a government advisor and, in 1787, head of the police service in Pest, creating a network of agents and informants. In 1790 the emperor died and, according to at least one source, the "Josephine system" of surveillance collapsed. The emperor died childless and the imperial crown therefore passed to his younger brother, Leopold II. The French Revolution which had been unfolding since 1789 had made the governm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Budapest
Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population of 1,752,286 over a land area of about . Budapest, which is both a city and county, forms the centre of the Budapest metropolitan area, which has an area of and a population of 3,303,786; it is a primate city, constituting 33% of the population of Hungary. The history of Budapest began when an early Celtic settlement transformed into the Roman town of Aquincum, the capital of Lower Pannonia. The Hungarians arrived in the territory in the late 9th century, but the area was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241–42. Re-established Buda became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture by the 15th century. The Battle of Mohács, in 1526, was followed by nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule. After the reconquest of Buda in 1686, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eötvös Loránd University
Eötvös Loránd University ( hu, Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem, ELTE) is a Hungarian public research university based in Budapest. Founded in 1635, ELTE is one of the largest and most prestigious public higher education institutions in Hungary. The 28,000 students at ELTE are organized into nine faculties, and into research institutes located throughout Budapest and on the scenic banks of the Danube. ELTE is affiliated with 5 Nobel laureates, as well as winners of the Wolf Prize, Fulkerson Prize and Abel Prize, the latest of which was Abel Prize winner László Lovász in 2021. The predecessor of Eötvös Loránd University was founded in 1635 by Cardinal Péter Pázmány in Nagyszombat, Kingdom of Hungary (today Trnava, Slovakia) as a Catholic university for teaching theology and philosophy. In 1770, the university was transferred to Buda. It was named Royal University of Pest until 1873, then University of Budapest until 1921, when it was renamed Royal Hungarian Pázmá ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
