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Khayr Pulad
Khayr Pūlād (Ḫayr-Pūlād) or Mīr Pūlād was khan of the Golden Horde in 1362–1364. He held the traditional capital Sarai during a period of civil war among rival contenders for the throne. Throughout his reign, the westernmost portion of the Golden Hode was under the control of the beglerbeg Mamai and his puppet khan ʿAbdallāh, while the easternmost portion was under the control of the heirs of Qara Nogai. Origins Khayr Pūlād or Mīr Pūlād has been identified with Pūlād, a descendant of Jochi's son Shiban. The ''Muʿizz al-ansāb'' and the ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah'' give his descent as follows: Chinggis Khan - Jochi - Shiban - Bahadur - Jochi-Buqa - Bādāqūl - Ming-Tīmūr - Pūlād. The identification is plausible; more tentative are the proposed identifications with Pūlād Khwāja, who coined at Gülistan in 1365, and Pūlād Tīmūr or rather Ūljāy Tīmūr, who coined at Gülistan in 1368. Yet another Pūlād Tīmūr was the non-Jochid e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tuqa-Timur
Tūqā-Tīmūr or Tūqāy-Tīmūr or Tuqa-Temür (also ''Toqa-Temür'' and ''Togai-Temür'') was the thirteenth and perhaps youngest son of Jochi, the eldest son of Genghis Khan. He was a younger brother of Batu Khan and Berke Khan, the rulers of what came to be known as the Golden Horde. Career As Jochi's apparently youngest son of standing, Tuqa-Timur was perhaps deemed too young to attend the qurultai for the proclamation and enthronement of the great khan Ögedei in 1229. Instead, Tuqa-Timur remained behind in his father's ulus, apparently governing it during the absence of his older brothers at the assembly. When Batu Khan returned, Tuqa-Timur organized a three-day feast in his honor. Tuqa-Timur subsequently received an ulus of his own from Batu, somewhere within the Left Wing (i.e., eastern portion) of Batu's possessions, that is to say east of the Ural Mountains and Ural River, and perhaps under the intermediate authority of another brother, Orda. Tuqa-Timur partici ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Year Of Birth Unknown
A year or annus is the orbital period of a planetary body, for example, the Earth, moving in its orbit around the Sun. Due to the Earth's axial tilt, the course of a year sees the passing of the seasons, marked by change in weather, the hours of daylight, and, consequently, vegetation and soil fertility. In temperate and subpolar climate, subpolar regions around the planet, four seasons are generally recognized: spring (season), spring, summer, autumn and winter. In tropics, tropical and subtropics, subtropical regions, several geographical sectors do not present defined seasons; but in the tropics#Seasons and climate, seasonal tropics, the annual wet season, wet and dry seasons are recognized and tracked. A calendar year is an approximation of the number of days of the Earth's orbital period, as counted in a given calendar. The Gregorian calendar, or modern calendar, presents its calendar year to be either a common year of 365 days or a leap year of 366 days, as do t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
14th-century Mongol Khans
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 14th century was a century lasting from 1 January 1301 ( MCCCI), to 31 December 1400 ( MCD). It is estimated that the century witnessed the death of more than 45 million lives from political and natural disasters in both Europe and the Mongol Empire. West Africa experienced economic growth and prosperity. In Europe, the Black Death claimed 25 million lives wiping out one third of the European population while the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France fought in the protracted Hundred Years' War after the death of Charles IV, King of France led to a claim to the French throne by Edward III, King of England. This period is considered the height of chivalry and marks the beginning of strong separate identities for both England and France as well as the foundation of the Italian Renaissance and Ottoman Empire. In Asia, Tamerlane (Timur), established the Timurid Empire, history's third largest empire to have been ever esta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Mongol Khans
The following is a list of Mongol rulers. The list of states is chronological but follows the development of different dynasties. Khamag Mongol (1120s–1206) * Kaidu – the first Khan to unite the Mongol clans * Khabul Khan – the first Khan of the Khamag Mongol confederation * Ambaghai Khan * Hotula Khan * Yesugei ''(de facto)'' * Genghis Khan Mongol Empire (1206–1368) Great Khans and Yuan dynasty Before Kublai Khan announced the dynastic name "Great Yuan" in 1271, Khagans (Great Khans) of the Mongol Empire (''Ikh Mongol Uls'') already started to use the Chinese title of Emperor () practically in the Chinese language since Genghis Khan (as ). With the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1271, the Kublaids became Yuan emperors, who took on a dual identity of Khagan for the Mongols and Huangdi for ethnic Han. *Genghis Khan (1206–1227) *Tolui Khan (as Regent) (1227–1229) *Ögedei Khan (1229–1241) *Töregene Khatun (as Regent) (1241–1246) *Güyük K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khanate Of Khiva
The Khanate of Khiva ( chg, ''Khivâ Khânligi'', fa, ''Khânât-e Khiveh'', uz, Xiva xonligi, tk, Hywa hanlygy) was a Central Asian polity that existed in the historical region of Khwarezm in Central Asia from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Afsharid occupation by Nader Shah between 1740 and 1746. Centred in the irrigated plains of the lower Amu Darya, south of the Aral Sea, with the capital in the city of Khiva, the country was ruled by a Turco-Mongol tribe, the Khongirads, who came from Astrakhan. It covered present western Uzbekistan, southwestern Kazakhstan and much of Turkmenistan before Russian arrival at the second half of the 19th century. In 1873, the Khanate of Khiva was much reduced in size and became a Russian protectorate. The other regional protectorate that lasted until the Revolution was the Emirate of Bukhara. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917, Khiva had a revolution too, and in 1920 the Khanate was replaced by the Khorezm People ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qaghan Beg
Qāghān Beg (Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Qāghān-Bīk, Ġiyāṯ ad-Dīn Qāġān-Bīk) was khan of the Golden Horde in 1375–1377. He held the traditional capital Sarai during a period of civil war among rival contenders for the throne. Throughout his reign, the westernmost portion of the Golden Hode was under the control of the beglerbeg Mamai and his puppet khan Muḥammad-Sulṭān, while the easternmost portion was under the control of Urus Khan and then his sons. Ancestry Qāghān Beg was a descendant of Jochi's son Shiban. The ''Muʿizz al-ansāb'' and the ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah'' give his descent as follows: Chinggis Khan - Jochi - Shiban - Bahadur - Jochi-Buqa - Bādāqūl - Ming-Tīmūr - Īl-Bīk - Qāghān-Bīk. Biography Qāghān Beg's uncle Khayr Pūlād (or Mīr Pūlād) had reigned briefly in parts of the Golden Horde in 1362–1365, as had a cousin, Ḥasan Beg, in 1368–1369. Qāghān Beg's father Īl Beg ruled from Saray-Jük on the lower Ura ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Il Beg
Īl Beg (Īl-Bīk) was an ephemeral khan of the Golden Horde in 1374, during a period of civil war. The westernmost portion of the Golden Hode was under the control of the beglerbeg Mamai and his puppet khan Muḥammad-Sulṭān, while the easternmost portion was under the control of Urus Khan. There is very little information about this ruler, but his name is found or rationalized in several different forms (including Ay Beg, Alp Beg, Īlbān, Èlbek). Ancestry Īl Beg was a descendant of Jochi's son Shiban. The ''Muʿizz al-ansāb'' and the ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah'' give his descent as follows: Chinggis Khan - Jochi - Shiban - Bahadur - Jochi-Buqa - Bādāqūl - Ming-Tīmūr - Īl-Bīk. Biography It is not clear whether Īl Beg was at the head of the Ulus of Shiban when he made his bid for the throne of the Golden Horde. The later khan of Khwarazm and historian Abu'l-Ghāzī seems to list Īl Beg as the eldest son of Ming-Tīmūr, himself the only son of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crimea
Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a population of 2.4 million. The peninsula is almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukraine. To the east, the Crimean Bridge, constructed in 2018, spans the Strait of Kerch, linking the peninsula with Krasnodar Krai in Russia. The Arabat Spit, located to the northeast, is a narrow strip of land that separates the Sivash lagoons from the Sea of Azov. Across the Black Sea to the west lies Romania and to the south is Turkey. Crimea (called the Tauric Peninsula until the early modern period) has historically been at the boundary between the classical world and the steppe. Greeks colonized its southern fringe and were absorbed by the Ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kildi Beg
Kildi Beg (Kīldī Bīk), was Khan of the Golden Horde in 1361–1362, having replaced his rival Ordu Malik. The origins and identity of the khan who reigned under the name Kildi Beg pose problems. A prince of this name was a son of Iran Beg, son of Khan Öz Beg, according to the comprehensive genealogical compendium ''Muʿizz al-ansāb''. He was apparently killed during the purge of the royal family by his cousin, Khan Berdi Beg, in 1357: according to the ''Čingīz-Nāmah'', Khan Kildi Beg's authenticity was called into question precisely because the real Kildi Beg had been killed by Berdi Beg. According to Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī, moreover, Khan Kildi Beg was an impostor who claimed to be a son of Khan Jani Beg, whereas the genuine prince would have been Jani Beg's brother's son and would not have needed to claim his uncle as father to legitimize himself. An additional complication with Kildi Beg is that a number of eastern sources insert him between the reigns of Berdi Beg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orda (organization)
An orda (also ordu, ordo, or ordon) or horde was a historical sociopolitical and military structure found on the Eurasian Steppe, usually associated with the Turkic and Mongol peoples. This form of entity can be seen as the regional equivalent of a clan or a tribe. Some successful ordas gave rise to khanates. While the East Slavic term ''ordo'' and later derived term ''horda/horde'' were in origin borrowings from the Turkic term ''ordo'' for "camp, headquarters", the original term did not carry the meaning of a large khanate such as the Golden Horde. These structures were contemporarily referred to as ''ulus'' ("nation" or "tribe"). Etymology Etymologically, the word "ordu" comes from the Turkic "ordu" which means army in Turkic and Mongolian languages, "seat of power" or "royal court". Within the Liao Empire of the Khitans, the word ordo was used to refer to a nobleman's personal entourage or court, which included servants, retainers, and bodyguards. Emperors, empresse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Murad (Golden Horde)
Murād Khan ( fa, , tt-Latn, Murad Xan), called ''Amurat'' and ''Murut'' in Russian sources, and sometimes Murīd/Mürid, Burut, and Murdād in eastern sources, was Khan of at least part of the Golden Horde from 1361 to 1363. Origins Murād, or more fully Ḥājjī Murād, was the brother of Khiḍr Khan, the son of Mangqutai, son of Töle Buqa, son of Qadaq, son of Shiban, son of Jochi, and originated from the Ulus of Shiban in the eastern part of the Golden Horde, according to the information of the ''Tawārīḫ-i guzīdah-i nuṣrat-nāmah''. The variant ancestry supplied by some other sources is now considered inaccurate, for example the assertion of Muʿīn-ad-Dīn Naṭanzī (earlier known as the "Anonymous of Iskandar") that Murīd (i.e., Murād) was the son of Orda Shaykh (i.e., Ordu Malik), or Khwandamir, Ötemiš-Ḥājjjī, and one Russian chronicle, making Murād (whom they call Murdād, Burut, and Murut, respectively) the parricide son of Khiḍr Khan. Rise to p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
