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Kazakh Braille
The braille alphabet used for the Kazakh language is based on Russian Braille, with several additional letters found in the print Kazakh alphabet. Alphabet Kazakh uses all of the letters of the Russian alphabet, though some just in loans and has the additional letters ә, ғ, қ, ң, һ, ө, ұ, ү, і. Apart from і, which once existed in Russian Braille and ұ, which is the same as the ў of Belarusian Braille (a letter which was used in earlier Kazakh alphabets with the same value), the braille values assigned to the extra Kazakh letters do not follow the assignments of other languages that use the Cyrillic script in print. They also do not follow international norms, apart from ә (Latin ''ä''). Punctuation Single punctuation: Paired punctuation: Kazakh Braille is reported to use the Russian arithmetical parentheses . Formatting See also * Languages of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is a multiethnic country where the indigenous ethnic group, the Kazakhs, com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kazakh Language
The Kazakh or simply Qazaq (Latin: or , Cyrillic: or , Arabic Script: or , , ) is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs. It is closely related to Nogai, Kyrgyz and Karakalpak. It is the official language of Kazakhstan and a significant minority language in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang, north-western China and in the Bayan-Ölgii Province of western Mongolia. The language is also spoken by many ethnic Kazakhs throughout the former Soviet Union (some 472,000 in Russia according to the 2010 Russian Census), Germany, and Turkey. Like other Turkic languages, Kazakh is an agglutinative language and employs vowel harmony. '' Ethnologue'' recognizes three mutually intelligible dialect groups, Northeastern Kazakh, the most widely spoken variety which also serves as the basis for the standard language, Southern Kazakh and Western Kazakh. The language share a degree of mutual intelligiblity with closely related Karakalpak ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braille
Braille (Pronounced: ) is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired, including people who are Blindness, blind, Deafblindness, deafblind or who have low vision. It can be read either on Paper embossing, embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displays that connect to computers and smartphone devices. Braille can be written using a slate and stylus, a braille writer, an electronic braille notetaker or with the use of a computer connected to a braille embosser. Braille is named after its creator, Louis Braille, a Frenchman who lost his sight as a result of a childhood accident. In 1824, at the age of fifteen, he developed the braille code based on the French alphabet as an improvement on night writing. He published his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829. The second revision, published in 1837, was the first Binary numeral system, binary form of writing developed in the modern era. Braille characters are formed using a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Braille
Russian Braille is the braille alphabet of the Russian language. With suitable extensions, it is used for languages of neighboring countries that are written in Cyrillic in print, such as Ukrainian and Mongolian. It is based on the Latin transliteration of Cyrillic, with additional letters assigned idiosyncratically. In Russian, it is known as (, 'Braille Script'). Alphabet The Russian Braille alphabet is as follows:http://specposobie.narod.ru/brail/ The adaptation of ''q'' to ''ч'' and ''x'' to ''щ'' is reminiscent of the adaptation in Chinese pinyin of ''q'' to and ''x'' to . Contractions are not used. Obsolete letters The pre-Revolutionary alphabet, reproduced at right from an old encyclopedia, includes several letters which have since been dropped. In addition, the letter э is shown with a slightly different form. Although obsolete in Russian Braille, these letters continue in several derivative alphabets. Punctuation Single punctuation: Paired punc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kazakh Alphabets
Three alphabets are used to write the Kazakh language: the Cyrillic, Latin and Arabic scripts. The Cyrillic script is used in Kazakhstan and Mongolia. An October 2017 Presidential Decree in Kazakhstan ordered that the transition from Cyrillic to a Latin script be completed by 2025. The Arabic script is used in parts of China, Iran and Afghanistan. Cyrillic script Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet The Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet is used in Kazakhstan and the Bayan-Ölgiy Province in Mongolia. It is also used by Kazakh populations in Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, as well as diasporas in other countries of the former USSR. It was introduced during the Russian Empire period in the 1800s, and then adapted by the Soviet Union in 1940. In the nineteenth century, Ibrahim Altynsarin, a prominent Kazakh educator, first introduced a Cyrillic alphabet for transcribing Kazakh. Russian missionary activity, as well as Russian-sponsored schools, further encouraged the use of Cyrillic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Braille
Braille (Pronounced: ) is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired, including people who are Blindness, blind, Deafblindness, deafblind or who have low vision. It can be read either on Paper embossing, embossed paper or by using refreshable braille displays that connect to computers and smartphone devices. Braille can be written using a slate and stylus, a braille writer, an electronic braille notetaker or with the use of a computer connected to a braille embosser. Braille is named after its creator, Louis Braille, a Frenchman who lost his sight as a result of a childhood accident. In 1824, at the age of fifteen, he developed the braille code based on the French alphabet as an improvement on night writing. He published his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829. The second revision, published in 1837, was the first Binary numeral system, binary form of writing developed in the modern era. Braille characters are formed using a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
а (Cyrillic)
А (А а; italics: ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. It commonly represents an open central unrounded vowel , halfway between the pronunciation of in "cat" and "father". The Cyrillic letter А is romanized using the Latin letter A. History The Cyrillic letter А was derived directly from the Greek letter Alpha (). In the Early Cyrillic alphabet its name was (azǔ), meaning "I". In the Cyrillic numeral system, the Cyrillic letter А has a value of 1. Form Throughout history, the Cyrillic letter А has had various shapes, but today is standardised on one that looks exactly like the Latin letter A, including the italic and lower case forms. Usage In most languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet – such as Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian, Macedonian and Montenegrin – the Cyrillic letter А represents the open central unrounded vowel . In Ingush and Chechen the Cyrillic letter А represents both the open back unrounded vowel an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
е (Cyrillic)
Ye, Je, or Ie (Е е; italics: ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. In some languages this letter is called E. It looks like another version of E (Cyrillic). It commonly represents the vowel or , like the pronunciation of in "yes". Ye is romanized using the Latin letter E for Bulgarian, Serbian, Macedonian, Ukrainian and Rusyn, and occasionally Russian (Озеро Байкал, Ozero Baykal), Je for Belarusian (Заслаўе, Zaslaŭje), Ye for Russian (Европа, Yevropa), and Ie occasionally for Russian (Днепр, Dniepr) and Belarusian (Маладзе́чна, Maladziečna). It was derived from the Greek letter epsilon (Ε ε). Usage Russian and Belarusian *At the beginning of a word or after a vowel, Ye represents the phonemic combination (phonetically or ), like the pronunciation of in "yes". Ukrainian uses the letter (see Ukrainian Ye) in this way. *Following a consonant, Ye indicates that the consonant is palatalized, and represents the vowel (ph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
о (Cyrillic)
O (О о; italics: ) is a letter of the Cyrillic script. O commonly represents the close-mid back rounded vowel , like the pronunciation of in Scottish English "go". History The Cyrillic letter O was derived from the Greek letter Omicron (Ο ο). Form Modern fonts In modern-style typefaces, the Cyrillic letter O looks exactly like the Latin letter O and the Greek letter Omicron . Church Slavonic printed fonts and Slavonic manuscripts Historical typefaces (like ''poluustav'' (semi-uncial), a standard font style for the Church Slavonic typography) and old manuscripts represent several additional glyph variants of Cyrillic O, both for decorative and orthographic (sometimes also "hieroglyphic") purposes, namely: * broad variant (Ѻ/ѻ), used mostly as a word initial letter (see Broad On for more details); * narrow variant, being used now in Synodal Church Slavonic editions as the first element of digraph Oy/oy (see Uk (Cyrillic) for more details), and in the editions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
I (Cyrillic)
И и (И и; italics: ) is a letter used in almost all Cyrillic alphabets with the exception of Belarusian. It commonly represents the close front unrounded vowel , like the pronunciation of in "machine", or the near-close near-front unrounded vowel , like the pronunciation of in "bin". History Because the Cyrillic letter І was derived from the Greek letter Eta (Η η), the Cyrillic had the shape of up to the 13th century. The name of the Cyrillic letter І in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (''iže''), meaning "which". In the Cyrillic numeral system, the Cyrillic letter І had a value of 8, corresponding to the Greek letter Eta. In the Early Cyrillic alphabet, there was little or no distinction between the letter and the letter , the latter of which was derived from the Greek letter Iota (Ι ι). Both remained in the alphabetical repertoire because they represented different numbers in the Cyrillic numeral system: eight and ten. In New Church Slavonic, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belarusian Braille
Belarusian Braille is the braille alphabet of the Belarusian language. It is based on Russian Braille, with a couple additional letters found in the print Belarusian alphabet. Alphabet Belarusian does not use all the letters of the Russian alphabet, and it has the additional letters ''і'' and ''ў''. The letters ''і'' and ''ў'' are the mirror images of ''й'' and ''у'', and the ''і'' was once found in Russian Braille. (See obsolete letters of Russian Braille.) Punctuation Single punctuation: Paired punctuation: Formatting See also *Ukrainian Braille Ukrainian Braille is the braille alphabet of the Ukrainian language. It is based on Russian Braille, with a few additional letters found in the print Ukrainian alphabet. Alphabet Ukrainian does not use all the letters of the Russian alphabet, ... References * UNESCO (2013World Braille Usage, 3rd edition. French-ordered braille alphabets Belarusian language {{Writingsystem-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Braille
The goal of braille uniformity is to unify the braille alphabets of the world as much as possible, so that literacy in one braille alphabet readily transfers to another. Unification was first achieved by a convention of the ''International Congress on Work for the Blind'' in 1878, where it was decided to replace the mutually incompatible national conventions of the time with the French values of the basic Latin alphabet, both for languages that use Latin-based alphabets and, through their Latin equivalents, for languages that use other scripts. However, the unification did not address letters beyond these 26, leaving French and German Braille partially incompatible and as braille spread to new languages with new needs, national conventions again became disparate. A second round of unification was undertaken under the auspices of UNESCO in 1951, setting the foundation for international braille usage today. Numerical order Braille arranged his characters in decades (groups of ten) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italics
In typography, italic type is a cursive font based on a stylised form of calligraphic handwriting. Owing to the influence from calligraphy, italics normally slant slightly to the right. Italics are a way to emphasise key points in a printed text, to identify many types of creative works, to cite foreign words or phrases, or, when quoting a speaker, a way to show which words they stressed. One manual of English usage described italics as "the print equivalent of underlining"; in other words, underscore in a manuscript directs a typesetter to use italic. The name comes from the fact that calligraphy-inspired typefaces were first designed in Italy, to replace documents traditionally written in a handwriting style called chancery hand. Aldus Manutius and Ludovico Arrighi (both between the 15th and 16th centuries) were the main type designers involved in this process at the time. Along with blackletter and Roman type, it served as one of the major typefaces in the history of Western ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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