Russian Braille is the
braille
Braille (Pronounced: ) is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired, including people who are Blindness, blind, Deafblindness, deafblind or who have low vision. It can be read either on Paper embossing, embossed paper ...
alphabet of the
Russian language
Russian (russian: русский язык, russkij jazyk, link=no, ) is an East Slavic languages, East Slavic language mainly spoken in Russia. It is the First language, native language of the Russians, and belongs to the Indo-European langua ...
. With suitable extensions, it is used for languages of neighboring countries that are written in
Cyrillic
, bg, кирилица , mk, кирилица , russian: кириллица , sr, ћирилица, uk, кирилиця
, fam1 = Egyptian hieroglyphs
, fam2 = Proto-Sinaitic
, fam3 = Phoenician
, fam4 = G ...
in print, such as
Ukrainian
Ukrainian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Ukraine
* Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe
* Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine
* So ...
and
Mongolian. It is based on the
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
transliteration of Cyrillic, with additional letters assigned idiosyncratically. In Russian, it is known as (, 'Braille Script').
Alphabet
The Russian Braille alphabet is as follows:
[http://specposobie.narod.ru/brail/][РЕЛЬЕФНО-ТОЧЕЧНЫЙ ШРИФТ БРАЙЛЯ]
/ref>
The adaptation of ''q'' to ''ч'' and ''x'' to ''щ'' is reminiscent of the adaptation in Chinese pinyin
Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally written in Chinese for ...
of ''q'' to and ''x'' to .
Contractions are not used.
Obsolete letters
The pre-Revolutionary alphabet, reproduced at right from an old encyclopedia, includes several letters which have since been dropped. In addition, the letter э is shown with a slightly different form.
Although obsolete in Russian Braille, these letters continue in several derivative alphabets.
Punctuation
Single punctuation:
Paired punctuation:
Formatting
Columns marked with are shown in the braille-chart image in the box, above right.
Numbers and arithmetic
Numbers are the letters ''a–j'' introduced with , as in other alphabets. Arithmetical symbols are as follows. The lowered ''g'' used for parentheses in prose becomes an equal sign in arithmetic, where a symmetrical pair of parentheses is used instead:
Arithmetical symbols are preceded but not followed by a space, with the exception of the multiplication dot. For example:
:
:::6 × 7 : 14 = 3
:
:::3 · (9 − 7) = 6
:
:::
Extensions for other languages
In print, many languages of the ex–Soviet Union are written in Cyrillic alphabets derived from the Russian alphabet by adding new letters. Their braille alphabets are similarly derived from Russian Braille. The braille assignments for the letters found in Russian print are the same as in Russian Braille. However, there is no international consistency among the additional letters, apart from ''і'', which is used in Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Kazakh – and even then, Kyrgyz uses for ''ң (ŋ)'', and it might be that Tajik uses it for ''қ (q)''. Generally not all of the Russian letters are used, except perhaps in Russian loans. Punctuation and formatting, as far as they are attested, agree with Russian Braille, though Kazakh Braille is reported to use the Russian arithmetical parentheses .
Ukrainian Braille
Ukrainian
Ukrainian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Ukraine
* Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe
* Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine
* So ...
has the additional letters ''і, ї, є, ґ.'' The ''є'' is the mirror image of old Russian ''э'', while ''і'' is the old Russian ''і'' (that is, it is the mirror image of ''й'', making it the same as French/English ''y''), and ''ї'' is old Russian '' ѣ''.
Unesco (2013) was unable to verify these values.[World Braille Usage](_blank)
UNESCO, 2013
Belarusian Braille
Belarusian has the additional letters ''і'' and ''ў''. They are the mirror images of ''й'' and ''у''.
Unesco (2013) was unable to verify these values.
Kazakh Braille
Kazakh has the additional letters ''ә, ғ, қ, ң, һ, ө, ү, ұ, і''.
See Kazakh alphabets#Correspondence chart for the whole braille alphabet aligned with the Cyrillic.
Kyrgyz Braille
Kyrgyz Kyrgyz, Kirghiz or Kyrgyzstani may refer to:
* Someone or something related to Kyrgyzstan
*Kyrgyz people
*Kyrgyz national games
*Kyrgyz language
*Kyrgyz culture
*Kyrgyz cuisine
*Yenisei Kirghiz
*The Fuyü Gïrgïs language in Northeastern China
...
has a subset of the Kazakh letters, ''ң, ө, ү,'' but with completely different braille values from the languages above:[UNESCO (2013) has a ]typographic error
A typographical error (often shortened to typo), also called a misprint, is a mistake (such as a spelling mistake) made in the typing of printed (or electronic) material. Historically, this referred to mistakes in manual type-setting (typography) ...
for ''и''.
See Kyrgyz alphabets#Correspondence chart for the whole braille alphabet aligned with the Cyrillic.
Mongolian Braille
Mongolian has ''ө, ү,'' but with different braille assignments again:
These are two of the obsolete Russian Braille letters. The Mongolian vowel ''ө (ö)'' is coincidentally similar in print to the old Russian consonant ''ѳ (th)'', and takes the latter's braille assignment; the Mongolian vowel ''ү (ü)'' takes the assignment of the old Russian vowel ''yat
Yat or jat (Ѣ ѣ; italics: ) is the thirty-second letter of the old Cyrillic alphabet and the Rusyn alphabet.
There is also another version of yat, the iotified yat (majuscule: , minuscule: ), which is a Cyrillic character combining a ...
''.
See Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet
The Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet ( Mongolian: , or , ) is the writing system used for the standard dialect of the Mongolian language in the modern state of Mongolia. It has a largely phonemic orthography, meaning that there is a fair degree of ...
for the whole alphabet aligned with Cyrillic.
Tatar Braille
Additional alphabets
Unesco reported additional braille adaptations of Cyrillic in 1990, for Tajik, Turkmen and Uzbek, but was not able to confirm them by 2013. The additional letters in the report are shown here, but like those of Ukrainian and Belarusian, they are unverified and should be treated with caution.
Tajik Braille
Turkmen Braille
Uzbek Braille
See also
* Moon type
The Moon System of Embossed Reading (commonly known as the Moon writing, Moon alphabet, Moon script, Moon type, or Moon code) is a writing system for the blind, using embossed symbols mostly derived from the Latin script (but simplified). It is ...
is a simplification of the Latin alphabet for embossing. An adaptation for Russian-reading blind people has been proposed.
References
{{Russian language
French-ordered braille alphabets
Russian language
fr:Braille cyrillique