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Irogane
''Irogane'' (色金 "coloured metals")Vienna, Bohlau Verlag, 2009: Griesser-Stermscheg & Krist, eds., Metallkonservierung, Metallrestaurierung: Geschichte, Methode, Praxis is the term for a set of Japanese metals – forms of copper (with natural impurities), and copper alloys – treated in ''niiro'' patination processes,London, UK, 1988: International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, Studies in Conservation – The Conservation of Far Eastern Art (Kyoto Congress 1988 Preprints), Mills ''et al''., eds., p. 133-136: Murakami et al, "Characterization of the black surface layer on a copper alloy coloured by traditional Japanese surface treatment" – "Irogane is the general term for the alloys coloured ..." traditionally used in sword-making, catches for sliding doors, and luxury highlights on larger objects, and in modern times, in jewellery. The alloys contain two to five metals. Some scholars believe that methods similar to those involved in irog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Niiro
''Niiro'' (煮色 "cooked color"), also known as ''niiro-eki'' (煮色液), ''niiro-chakushoku'' (煮色着色), ''nikomi-chakushoku'' (煮込み着色) or ''niage'' (煮上げ) is an historically Japanese patination process, responsible for the colouration of copper and certain of its alloys, resulting in the ''irogane'' class of craft metals, including '' shakudo'',Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemannm 1993: La Niece and Craddock, eds, Metal Plating and Patination: cultural, technical and historical developments - Chap. 7, Murakami, Ryu, "Japanese Traditional Alloys" ''shibuichi'' and ''kuromido''. It is now practiced in a number of countries, primarily for the making of jewellery and decorative sword fittings, but also for material for hollowware and sculpture. Importantly, the same process operates differently on different metals so that a piece with multiple components can be treated in one patination session, developing a range of colours. Etymology All forms of the name refer to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shibuichi
is a historically Japanese copper alloy, a member of the ''irogane'' class, which is patinated into a range of subtle greys and muted shades of blue, green, and brown, through the use of ''niiro'' processes, involving the ''rokushō'' compound. Naming ''Shibuichi'' means "one-fourth" in Japanese, and indicates the standard formulation of one part silver to three parts copper, though this may be varied considerably according to the desired effect. Several major variants of the alloy have specific names, as detailed below. In addition, the metal in general, and especially the paler shades, may be named ''rogin''. Composition Aside from the basic 25% silver to 75% copper mix, combinations as divergent as 5% silver to 95% copper are also marketed as "shibuichi".Art Jewelry Magazine, March, 2010. A wide range of colours can be achieved using the whole range of alloy compositions, even above 50% silver, e.g. 90% copper and 10% silver for a dark grey and down to 70% copper and 30% sil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kuromido
''Kuromido'' (Japanese: 黒味銅) is an historically Japanese copper alloy, typically of 99% copper and 1% metallic arsenic,Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemannm 1993: La Niece and Craddock, eds, Metal Plating and Patination: cultural, technical and historical developments - Chap. 7, Murakami, Ryu, "Japanese Traditional Alloys" one of the class of irogane metals. It is used in the production of other alloys, and in decorative fittings, as well as in mokume-gane processes. See also * ''Shakudō'' * ''Shibuichi'' * Corinthian bronze and ''hepatizon'' (Black bronze) * ''Electrum'' * ''Orichalcum'' * ''Panchaloha'' * ''Tumbaga ''Tumbaga'' is the name for a non-specific alloy of gold and copper given by Spanish Conquistadors to metals composed of these elements found in widespread use in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica in North America and South America. The term is believe ...'' External sources * References Irogane Copper alloys Arsenic {{alloy-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rokushō
is a traditional Japanese chemical compound used in the '' niiro'' process for artificially inducing patination in decorative non-ferrous metals, especially several copper alloys, with the results being metals of the ''irogane'' class. These "colour metals," virtually unknown outside Japan until the late 19th century, have achieved some popularity in craft circles in other parts of the world since then. Usage ''Rokushō'' is used to treat a number of metals, including raw natural copper, which holds impurities, purified copper, and copper alloy mixes with two to five metals, to produce ''irogane'' metals, including: ''shakudō'', an alloy of copper and gold, which becomes black to dark blue-violet; ''shibuichi'', an alloy of fine silver and copper (in a higher percentage than sterling), which turns grey to misty aquamarine or other shades of blue to green; ''kuromido'' which becomes dark coppery black. ''Rokushō'' was generally used to patinate all types of '' mokume-gane'' ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Gowland
William Gowland FRAI (16 December 1842 – 9 June 1922) was an English mining engineer who carried out archaeological work at Stonehenge and in Japan. He has been called the "Father of Japanese Archaeology". Biography Gowland was born in Sunderland, County Durham, in northern England. He attended the Royal College of Chemistry and Royal School of Mines at South Kensington, specialising in metallurgy, and worked as a chemist and as a metallurgist at the Broughton Copper Company from 1870 to 1872. However, in 1872, at the age of 30, he was recruited by the Meiji government of the Empire of Japan as a foreign engineering advisor at the ''Osaka Zōheikyoku'', the forerunner of the Japan Mint. In Japan (1872–88) Gowland began work in Osaka on 8 October 1872 on the three-year contract that was typical of many of the foreigners employed to aid the modernisation of Japan. His contract was repeatedly extended, and he stayed for 16 years, during which time he introduced techniques for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japan Mint
The is an Independent Administrative Institution of the Japanese government, responsible for producing and circulating the coins of Japan. The agency has its head office in Osaka with branches in Saitama and Hiroshima. The Japan Mint does not produce paper money; that responsibility belongs to the National Printing Bureau. History Amongst the first acts of the Meiji government was the establishment of the Imperial Japanese Mint as a constructive step towards modernising Japan's circulating currency. In the early Meiji era, paper currency was initially printed by Dondorf and Naumann in Germany. The European production was inspected and sealed by Banknote Annex Office of the Ministry of Finance. A proposal to construct a banknote manufacturing plant was submitted to Grand Council of State in May 1874; and construction was approved in December of that same year. A two-story Western red brick building was completed in October 1876. Over the course of decades, the Mint activities ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Speiss
Speisses are alloys of heavy metals like iron, cobalt, nickel and copper White, L.A. "The development of the lead blast furnace at Port Pirie, South Australia", ''Transactions AIME, Vol 188, October 1950, Journal of Metals'', pages 1221–1228. with arsenic, antimony and, occasionally, tin. The latter elements lower the melting point to around 1000 °C. Speisses commonly occur in lead smelting operationsSamans, Carl H. ''Engineering Metals and their Alloys'', 1949 MacMillan and copper smelting operations. Speisses are only partially miscible with mattes, and if there is enough arsenic or antimony in the copper feed to a matte smelting furnace, a separate speiss melt can form. Speisses show high affinities for platinum group metals and gold Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au (from la, aurum) and atomic number 79. This makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mokume-gane
is a Japanese metalworking procedure which produces a mixed-metal laminate with distinctive layered patterns; the term is also used to refer to the resulting laminate itself. The term translates closely to "wood grain metal" or "wood eye metal" and describes the way metal takes on the appearance of natural wood grain. fuses several layers of differently coloured precious metals together to form a sandwich of alloys called a "billet." The billet is then manipulated in such a way that a pattern resembling wood grain emerges over its surface. Numerous ways of working create diverse patterns. Once the metal has been rolled into a sheet or bar, several techniques are used to produce a range of effects. has been used to create many artistic objects. Though the technique was first developed for production of decorative sword fittings, the craft is today mostly used in the production of jewelry and hollowware. History Origins First developed in 17th-century Japan, was originally ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corinthian Bronze
Corinthian bronze, also named Corinthian brass or aes Corinthiacum, was a highly valuable metal alloy in classical antiquity. It is thought to be an alloy of copper with gold or silver (or both), although it has also been contended that it was simply a very high grade of bronze, or a kind of bronze that was manufactured in Corinth. It is referred to in various ancient texts, but no certain examples of Corinthian bronze exist today. However, it has been increasingly suggested that a number of artefacts previously described as niello in fact use a technique of patinated metal that may be the same as Corinthian bronze and is similar to the Japanese Shakudō. Its composition was long a mystery, but contemporary thinking is that Corinthian bronze was "a patinated alloy of copper with some gold and silver", perhaps the same as the ''hesmen kem'' or "black copper" of Ancient Egyptian art. This is shown by ancient texts to be a prestigious material, and apparently survives in a number ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hepatizon
''Hepatizon'' (Greek etymology: , English translation: "liver"), also known as black Corinthian bronze, was a highly valuable metal alloy in classical antiquity. It is thought to be an alloy of copper with the addition of a small proportion of gold and silver (perhaps as little as 8% of each), mixed and treated to produce a material with a dark purplish patina, similar to the colour of liver. It is referred to in various ancient texts, but few known examples of hepatizon exist today. Of the known types of bronze or brass in classical antiquity (known in Latin as ''aes'' and in Greek as χαλκός), hepatizon was the second most valuable. Pliny the Elder mentions it in his '' Natural History'', stating that it is less valuable than Corinthian bronze, which contained a greater proportion of gold or silver and as a result resembled the precious metals, but was esteemed before bronze from Delos and Aegina. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electrum
Electrum is a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver, with trace amounts of copper and other metals. Its color ranges from pale to bright yellow, depending on the proportions of gold and silver. It has been produced artificially, and is also known as "green gold".Emsley, John (2003Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements Oxford University Press. . p. 168 Electrum was used as early as the third millennium BC in Old Kingdom of Egypt, sometimes as an exterior coating to the pyramidions atop ancient Egyptian pyramids and obelisks. It was also used in the making of ancient drinking vessels. The first known metal coins made were of electrum, dating back to the end of the 7th century or the beginning of the 6th century BC. For several decades, the medals awarded with the Nobel Prize have been made of gold-plated green gold. Etymology The name "electrum" is the Latinized form of the Greek word ἤλεκτρον (''ḗlektron''), mentioned in the ''Odyssey' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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