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Irish Republican Army–Abwehr Collaboration
The Irish Republican Army (IRA), a paramilitary group seeking to remove Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom and unify Ireland, shared intelligence with the '' Abwehr'', the military intelligence service of Nazi Germany, during the Second World War. Context Conquest of Ireland was not a strategic goal for Nazi Germany before or during World War II. A plan existed for a potential invasion of Ireland, Operation Green, but it was more a diversionary tactic than an actual plot to take over the territory. What Nazi Germany hoped was to see Ireland remain neutral. When German attempts to gain air superiority over Great Britain as part of the Battle of Britain, seen as a potential precursor to Operation Sea Lion, were repulsed Ireland largely ceased to be of much interest. IRA-''Abwehr'' involvement throughout the period can be broken up into three phases: * Coordination missions with the IRA preceding the French campaign, * Military missions directed against Britain for the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)
The Irish Republican Army of 1922–1969, an anti-Treaty sub-group of the original Irish Republican Army (1919-1922), fought against the Irish Free State in the Irish Civil War, and its successors up to 1969, when the IRA split again into the Provisional IRA and Official IRA. The original Irish Republican Army fought a guerrilla war against British rule in Ireland in the Irish War of Independence between 1919 and 1921. Following the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty on 6 December 1921, the IRA in the 26 counties that were to become the Irish Free State split between supporters and opponents of the Treaty. The anti-Treatyites, sometimes referred to by Free State forces as "Irregulars", continued to use the name "Irish Republican Army" (IRA) or in Irish ''Óglaigh na hÉireann'', as did the organisation in Northern Ireland which originally supported the pro-Treaty side (if not the Treaty). ''Óglaigh na hÉireann'' was also adopted as the name of the pro-Treaty National Army, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tom Barry (Irish Republican)
Thomas Bernardine Barry (1 July 1897 – 2 July 1980), better known as Tom Barry, was a prominent guerrilla warfare, guerrilla leader in the Irish Republican Army (1919–1922), Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War. He is best remembered for orchestrating the Kilmichael Ambush, Kilmichael ambush, in which him and his column wiped out a 18 man patrol of Auxiliary Division, Auxiliaries, killing sixteen men. Born in County Kerry, Barry was the son of a former Royal Irish Constabulary constable. In 1915, at the age of seventeen, he joined the British Army and would go on to see action as a gunner in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, Middle East during the World War I, First World War. Despite expressing some British patriotism during his early years, Barry's views slowly began to change towards Irish republicanism. In his memoir, Barry stated that this started shortly after he heard about the Easter Rising in 1916, though ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hauptmann
is a German word usually translated as captain when it is used as an officer's rank in the German, Austrian, and Swiss armies. While in contemporary German means 'main', it also has and originally had the meaning of 'head', i.e. ' literally translates to 'head-man', which is also the etymological root of ''captain'' (from Latin , 'head'). It equates to the rank of captain in the British and US Armies, and is rated OF-2 in NATO. Currently there is no female form, like ''Hauptfrau'' within the military, the correct form of address is "''Frau Hauptmann''". More generally, a Hauptmann can be the head of any hierarchically structured group of people, often as a compound word. For example, a is the captain of a fire brigade, while refers to the leader of a gang of robbers. Official Austrian and German titles incorporating the word include , , , and . In Saxony during the Weimar Republic, the titles of , and were held by senior civil servants. (from Early Modern High German ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oscar C
Oscar, OSCAR, or The Oscar may refer to: People * Oscar (given name), an Irish- and English-language name also used in other languages; the article includes the names Oskar, Oskari, Oszkár, Óscar, and other forms. * Oscar (Irish mythology), legendary figure, son of Oisín and grandson of Finn mac Cumhall Places * Oscar, Kentucky, an unincorporated community * Oscar, Louisiana, an unincorporated community * Oscar, Missouri, an unincorporated community * Oscar, Oklahoma, an unincorporated community * Oscar, Pennsylvania, an unincorporated community * Oscar, Texas, an unincorporated community * Oscar, West Virginia, an unincorporated community * Lake Oscar (other) * Oscar Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota, a civil township Animals * Oscar (bionic cat), a cat that had implants after losing both hind paws * Oscar (bull), #16, (d. 1983) a ProRodeo Hall of Fame bucking bull * Oscar (fish), ''Astronotus ocellatus'' * Oscar (therapy cat), cat purported to pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deutscher Fichte-Bund
The Deutscher Fichte-Bund ''(German Fichte Federation)'', often just called Fichte-Bund, was a German propaganda agency based in Hamburg. It was founded on 29 January 1914 as the "Reichsbund für Deutschtumsarbeit" ''(Reich Federation for German Studies)'' by Heinrich Kessemeier and named after the philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte, a founder of the German Idealist movement. Later it was under the directorship of Heinrich's son Theodore Kessemeier. Carter, Carolle J. (1977''The Shamrock and the Swastika: German Espionage in Ireland in World War II''.Palo Alto: Pacific Books. p. 102. Goals According to a Danish memorandum that existed in the Nuremberg trial against the chief war criminals, the Fichte-Bund was directly subordinate to the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda during the Third Reich and tried to systematically influence public opinion in favor of the National Socialism. In this memorandum, the goals of the Fichte Federation for the period after 1933 ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamburg
(male), (female) en, Hamburger(s), Hamburgian(s) , timezone1 = Central (CET) , utc_offset1 = +1 , timezone1_DST = Central (CEST) , utc_offset1_DST = +2 , postal_code_type = Postal code(s) , postal_code = 20001–21149, 22001–22769 , area_code_type = Area code(s) , area_code = 040 , registration_plate = , blank_name_sec1 = GRP (nominal) , blank_info_sec1 = €123 billion (2019) , blank1_name_sec1 = GRP per capita , blank1_info_sec1 = €67,000 (2019) , blank1_name_sec2 = HDI (2018) , blank1_info_sec2 = 0.976 · 1st of 16 , iso_code = DE-HH , blank_name_sec2 = NUTS Region , blank_info_sec2 = DE6 , website = , footnotes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eduard Hempel
Eduard Hempel (6 June 1887, Pirna – 12 November 1972, Gundelfingen) was a German diplomat. He was the German Minister to Ireland between 1937 and 1945, in the buildup to and during The Emergency (Second World War). When he was first appointed to the post he was not a Nazi party member, but a short while after his appointment, the Berlin regime put him under extreme pressure to join. Prior to his appointment, the Irish External Affairs ministry had specified that they did not want a Nazi party member as diplomatic representative; the solution to this requirement appears to have been to appoint a person who was not a member of the party, but Hempel took steps to join the following year, his NSDAP card being dated 1 July 1938. Early life Eduard Hempel was the son of a Privy Governing Councillor. He attended the gymnasium (grammar school) in Bautzen and the Fridericianum in Davos and graduated from high school in Wertheim. He completed a law degree from the University of Leipzig. F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Con Lehane (IRA)
Con Lehane (7 May 1912 – 18 September 1983) was a left-wing nationalist, a 1930s member of the IRA Army Council, solicitor, actor and politician. Background Lehane was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland on 7 May 1912, the only surviving child of Denis Lehane, an excise officer originally from County Cork, and his wife Mary (née Connolly), a native of the Falls Road, Belfast. He grew up in an Irish-speaking household. Joseph Connolly the senator was his uncle on his mother's side, while Michael O'Lehane the trade unionist was his uncle on his father's side. His family emigrated to Hartlepool in 1912 and then to Dublin in 1920. He was educated at Synge Street CBS and University College Dublin, where he studied Law. He qualified as a solicitor. He married Marie O'Neill in 1937, and they had a son and two daughters. As a solicitor, he took to defending members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in the Irish Courts. In 1927 he obtained permission for IRA prisoners to speak pri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John MacBride
John MacBride (sometimes written John McBride; ga, Seán Mac Giolla Bhríde; 7 May 1868 – 5 May 1916) was an Irish republican and military leader. He was executed by the British government for his participation in the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin. Early life John MacBride was born at The Quay, Westport, County Mayo, Ireland, to Patrick MacBride, a shopkeeper and trader, and the former Honoria Gill, who survived her son.John MacBride . The National Library of Ireland. Retrieved on 23 September 2007. A plaque marks the building on the Westport Quays where he was born (now the Helm Bar and Restaurant). He was educated at the Christian Brothers' School, Westport, and at |
Seán MacBride
Seán MacBride (26 January 1904 – 15 January 1988) was an Irish Clann na Poblachta politician who served as Minister for External Affairs from 1948 to 1951, Leader of Clann na Poblachta from 1946 to 1965 and Chief of Staff of the IRA from 1936 to 1937. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1947 to 1957. Rising from a domestic Irish political career, he founded or participated in many international organisations of the 20th century, including the United Nations, the Council of Europe and Amnesty International. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1974, the Lenin Peace Prize for 1975–1976 and the UNESCO Silver Medal for Service in 1980. Early life MacBride was born in Paris in 1904, the son of Major John MacBrideSaturday Evening Post; 23 April 1949, Vol. 221 Issue 43, pp. 31–174, 5p and Maud Gonne. His first language was French, and he retained a French accent in the English language for the rest of his life. MacBride first studied at the Lycée Saint-Louis-de-Gonzague, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seán Russell
Seán Russell (13 October 1893 – 14 August 1940) was an Irish republican who participated in the Easter Rising of 1916, held senior positions in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence and Irish Civil War, and was Chief of Staff of the IRA from 1938 to April 1939 upon the onset of World War II. It was under Russell's leadership that the IRA began the Sabotage Campaign, in which the group began bombing civil, economic and military infrastructure in the United Kingdom, primarily England, between 1939 and 1940. In the same period, Russell actively collaborated with Nazi Germany; In early 1940 he travelled to Germany, where he personally met with German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop and spent 3 months training in the use of explosives. In August 1940 Russell was to return to Ireland as part of a joint IRA/German plan entitled Operation Dove, however, Russell died aboard a Kriegsmarine U-boat transporting him home following a sudden stomach illness a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
S-Plan
The S-Plan or Sabotage Campaign or England Campaign was a campaign of bombing and sabotage against the civil, economic and military infrastructure of the United Kingdom from 1939 to 1940, conducted by members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA). It was conceived by Seamus O'Donovan in 1938 at the request of then IRA Chief of Staff Seán Russell. Russell and Joseph McGarrity are thought to have formulated the strategy in 1936. Immediate context Following a power struggle within the IRA during the mid-1930s, Seán Russell was reinstated to the IRA in April 1938 and elected to the IRA Army Council ''in absentia''. At a subsequent IRA General Army Convention, Russell and his supporters secured enough support to get a controlling majority vote within the Army Council and for Russell himself to be named Chief of Staff, the head of the organisation.English, pg 60 It was at this time that Russell began the process of preparing for a campaign of attacks on British soil – a strategy he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
