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Inocybe Urbana
''Inocybe'' is a large genus of mushroom-forming fungi with over 1400 species, including all forms and variations. Members of ''Inocybe'' are mycorrhizal, and some evidence shows that the high degree of speciation in the genus is due to adaptation to different trees and perhaps even local environments. Etymology The name ''Inocybe'' means "fibrous hat". It is taken from the Greek words (in the genitive , meaning "muscle, nerve, fiber, strength, vigor") and ("head"). History The genus was first described as ''Agaricus'' trib. ''Inocybe'' by Swedish scholar Elias Magnus Fries in volume 1 of his work, ''Systema mycologicum'' (1821), and verified in the volume 2 of his book ''Monographia Hymenomycetum Sueciae'' in 1863. All other renaming attempts are accepted synonymous Description Typical mushrooms of the genus have various shades of brown, although some lilac or purplish species exist. Caps are small and conical, though flattening somewhat in age, generally with a pronounce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elias Magnus Fries
Elias Magnus Fries (15 August 1794 – 8 February 1878) was a Swedish mycologist and botanist. Career Fries was born at Femsjö (Hylte Municipality), Småland, the son of the pastor there. He attended school in Växjö. He acquired an extensive knowledge of flowering plants from his father. In 1811 Fries entered Lund University where he obtained a doctorate in 1814. In the same year he was appointed an associate professorship in botany. He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and in 1824, became a full professor. In 1834 he became Borgström professor (Swed. ''Borgströmianska professuren'', a chair endowed by Erik Eriksson Borgström, 1708–1770) in applied economics at Uppsala University. The position was changed to "professor of botany and applied economics" in 1851. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1849. That year he was also appointed director of the Uppsala University Botanica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lamella (mycology)
In mycology, a lamella, or gill, is a papery hymenophore rib under the cap of some mushroom species, most often agarics. The gills are used by the mushrooms as a means of spore dispersal, and are important for species identification. The attachment of the gills to the stem is classified based on the shape of the gills when viewed from the side, while color, crowding and the shape of individual gills can also be important features. Additionally, gills can have distinctive microscopic or macroscopic features. For instance, ''Lactarius'' species typically seep latex from their gills. It was originally believed that all gilled fungi were Agaricales, but as fungi were studied in more detail, some gilled species were demonstrated not to be. It is now clear that this is a case of convergent evolution (i.e. gill-like structures evolved separately) rather than being an anatomic feature that evolved only once. The apparent reason that various basidiomycetes have evolved gills is that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inosperma
''Inosperma'' is a genus of gilled mushroom in the family Inocybaceae. Previously defined as a subgenus within the large genus ''Inocybe'' by Robert Kühner in 1980, these fungi were found to be more distantly related in a 2019 multigene phylogenetic study by Matheny and colleagues. Description This group of mushrooms was distinguished morphologically from other ''Inocybes'' by the absence of pleurocystidia and the shape of the spores. Also the stem is usually longer than the cap is wide and the cheilocystidia consist each of a single cell and are often so numerous that they make the gill edge white. ''Inosperma'' is divided into two sections: ''Cervicolores'' (with a scaly cap) and ''Rimosae'' (with a radially fibrose or radially cracking ("rimose ''Rimose'' is an adjective used to describe a surface that is cracked or fissured. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basidium
A basidium () is a microscopic sporangium (a spore-producing structure) found on the hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi which are also called tertiary mycelium, developed from secondary mycelium. Tertiary mycelium is highly-coiled secondary myceliuma dikaryon. The presence of basidia is one of the main characteristic features of the Basidiomycota. A basidium usually bears four sexual spores called basidiospores; occasionally the number may be two or even eight. In a typical basidium, each basidiospore is borne at the tip of a narrow prong or horn called a sterigma (), and is forcibly discharged upon maturity. The word ''basidium'' literally means "little pedestal", from the way in which the basidium supports the spores. However, some biologists suggest that the structure more closely resembles a club. An immature basidium is known as a basidiole. Structure Most basidiomycota have single celled basidia (holobasidia), but in some groups basidia can be multicel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pleurocystidia
A cystidium (plural cystidia) is a relatively large cell found on the sporocarp of a basidiomycete (for example, on the surface of a mushroom gill), often between clusters of basidia. Since cystidia have highly varied and distinct shapes that are often unique to a particular species or genus, they are a useful micromorphological characteristic in the identification of basidiomycetes. In general, the adaptive significance of cystidia is not well understood. Classification of cystidia By position Cystidia may occur on the edge of a lamella (or analogous hymenophoral structure) (cheilocystidia), on the face of a lamella (pleurocystidia), on the surface of the cap (dermatocystidia or pileocystidia), on the margin of the cap (circumcystidia) or on the stipe (caulocystidia). Especially the pleurocystidia and cheilocystidia are important for identification within many genera. Sometimes the cheilocystidia give the gill edge a distinct colour which is visible to the naked eye or wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Partial Veil
In mycology, a partial veil (also called an inner veil, to differentiate it from the "outer", or universal veil) is a temporary structure of tissue found on the fruiting bodies of some basidiomycete fungi, typically agarics. Its role is to isolate and protect the developing spore-producing surface, represented by gills or tubes, found on the lower surface of the cap. A partial veil, in contrast to a universal veil, extends from the stem surface to the cap edge. The partial veil later disintegrates, once the fruiting body has matured and the spores are ready for dispersal. It might then give rise to a stem ring, or fragments attached to the stem or cap edge. In some mushrooms, both a partial veil and a universal veil may be present. Structure In the immature fruit bodies of some basidiomycete fungi, the partial veil extends from the stem surface to the cap margin and shields the gills during development, and later breaks to expose the mature gills. The presence, absence, or struct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aeruginascin
Aeruginascin or ''N,N,N''-trimethyl-4-phosphoryloxytryptamine is an indoleamine derivative which occurs naturally within the mushroom ''Inocybe aeruginascens'' and ''Pholiotina cyanopus''. Aeruginascin is the ''N''-trimethyl analogue of psilocybin. It is closely related to the frog skin toxin bufotenidine (5-HTQ), a potent 5-HT3 receptor agonist, but the aeruginascin metabolite 4-HO-TMT shows strong binding at the 5-HT2 receptors similar to psilocin Psilocin (also known as 4-HO-DMT, 4-hydroxy DMT, psilocine, psilocyn, or psilotsin) is a substituted tryptamine alkaloid and a serotonergic psychedelic substance. It is present in most psychedelic mushrooms together with its phosphorylated counte .... The first scientific literature about the pharmacological effects of aeruginascin is from a study published by Gartz in 1989. Across 23 analyzed cases of accidental hallucinogenic mushroom poisonings, people who had ingested the mushroom ''Inocybe aeruginascens'' reported only euphor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baeocystin
Baeocystin is a zwitterionic alkaloid and analog of psilocybin. It is found as a minor compound in most psilocybin mushrooms together with psilocybin, norbaeocystin, aeruginascin, and psilocin. Baeocystin is an ''N''-demethylated derivative of psilocybin, and a phosphorylated derivative of 4-HO-NMT (4-hydroxy- ''N''-methyltryptamine). The structures at right illustrate baeocystin in its zwitterionic form. Baeocystin was first isolated from the mushroom ''Psilocybe baeocystis'', and later from '' P. semilanceata'', '' Panaeolus renenosus'', ''Panaeolus subbalteatus'', and '' Copelandia chlorocystis''. It was first synthesized by Troxler ''et al''. in 1959. Little information exists with regard to human pharmacology, but in the book ''Magic Mushrooms Around the World'', author Jochen Gartz reports being aware of a study in which "10 mg of baeocystin were found to be about as psychoactive as a similar amount of psilocybin." Gartz also reported in a research paper that a self ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psilocybin
Psilocybin ( , ) is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug compound produced by more than 200 species of fungi. The most potent are members of the genus ''Psilocybe'', such as '' P. azurescens'', '' P. semilanceata'', and '' P. cyanescens'', but psilocybin has also been isolated from about a dozen other genera. Psilocybin is itself biologically inactive but is quickly converted by the body to psilocin, which has mind-altering effects similar, in some aspects, to those of LSD, mescaline, and DMT. In general, the effects include euphoria, visual and mental hallucinations, changes in perception, a distorted sense of time, and perceived spiritual experiences. It can also cause adverse reactions such as nausea and panic attacks. Imagery found on prehistoric murals and rock paintings of modern-day Spain and Algeria suggests that human usage of psilocybin mushrooms predates recorded history. In Mesoamerica, the mushrooms had long been consumed in spiritual and div ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muscarine
Muscarine, L-(+)-muscarine, or muscarin is a natural product found in certain mushrooms, particularly in ''Inocybe'' and ''Clitocybe'' species, such as the deadly '' C. dealbata''. Mushrooms in the genera ''Entoloma'' and ''Mycena'' have also been found to contain levels of muscarine which can be dangerous if ingested. Muscarine has been found in harmless trace amounts in ''Boletus'', ''Hygrocybe'', ''Lactarius'' and ''Russula''. Trace concentrations of muscarine are also found in ''Amanita muscaria'', though the pharmacologically more relevant compound from this mushroom is the Z-drug-like alkaloid muscimol. ''A. muscaria'' fruitbodies contain a variable dose of muscarine, usually around 0.0003% fresh weight. This is very low and toxicity symptoms occur very rarely. ''Inocybe'' and ''Clitocybe'' contain muscarine concentrations up to 1.6%. Muscarine is a nonselective agonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. History The name ''muscarine'' derives from that o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inocybaceae
The Inocybaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Members of this family have a widespread distribution in tropical and temperate areas. Taxonomy The type genus of the Inocybaceae, ''Inocybe'', had traditionally been placed within the family Cortinariaceae. Despite this, Jülich placed the genus in its own family, the Inocybaceae. Later, the Cortinariaceae were shown to be polyphyletic. Additionally, phylogenetic analyses of RPB1, RPB2 and nLSU- rDNA regions from a variety of ''Inocybe'' and related taxa would support Jülich's recognition of ''Inocybe'' at the family level. In their ''Dictionary of the Fungi'', Kirk ''et al.'' (2008) did not distinguish between Inocybaceae and Crepidotaceae, but rather merged them into one family they called Inocybaceae. The literature has since then split up the classification given by Kirk ''et al.'' (2008) into not only Inocybaceae and Crepidotaceae, but also Tubariaceae and Chromocyphellaceae. In a 2019 molecular study, Mathen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Type Genus
In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nominal family-group taxon is a nominal genus called the 'type genus'; the family-group name is based upon that of the type genus." Any family-group name must have a type genus (and any genus-group name must have a type species, but any species-group name may, but need not, have one or more type specimens). The type genus for a family-group name is also the genus that provided the stem to which was added the ending -idae (for families). :Example: The family name Formicidae has as its type genus the genus ''Formica'' Linnaeus, 1758. Botanical nomenclature In botanical nomenclature, the phrase "type genus" is used, unofficially, as a term of convenience. In the '' ICN'' this phrase has no status. The code uses type specimens for ranks up to fam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
