The Inocybaceae are a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

fungi A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from ...

in the order

Agaricales The fungal order Agaricales, also known as gilled mushrooms (for their distinctive gills) or euagarics, contains some of the most familiar types of mushrooms. The order has 33 extant families, 413 genera, and over 13,000 described species, alo ...

. Members of this family have a widespread distribution in

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

and

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

areas.

Taxonomy

The type genus of the Inocybaceae, ''

Inocybe ''Inocybe'' is a large genus of mushroom-forming fungi with over 1400 species, including all forms and variations. Members of ''Inocybe'' are mycorrhizal, and some evidence shows that the high degree of speciation in the genus is due to adaptatio ...

'', had traditionally been placed within the family

Cortinariaceae The Cortinariaceae are a large family of gilled mushrooms found worldwide, containing over 2100 species. The family takes its name from its largest genus, the varied species of the genus ''Cortinarius''. Many genera formerly in the Cortinariacea ...

. Despite this, Jülich placed the genus in its own family, the Inocybaceae. Later, the Cortinariaceae were shown to be

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of converg ...

. Additionally,

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

analyses of RPB1,

RPB2 DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit RPB2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''POLR2B'' gene. This gene encodes the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II, the polymerase responsible for synthesizing messenger RNA in eukaryotes. ...

and nLSU- rDNA regions from a variety of ''Inocybe'' and related taxa would support Jülich's recognition of ''Inocybe'' at the family level. In their ''Dictionary of the Fungi'', Kirk ''et al.'' (2008) did not distinguish between Inocybaceae and

Crepidotaceae The Crepidotaceae are a family of basidiomycete fungi. Taxonomic Details The Crepidotaceae have recently undergone a revision based on phylogenetic analyses. The following characters are typical of this family: * saprotrophic on woody or herbac ...

, but rather merged them into one family they called Inocybaceae. The literature has since then split up the classification given by Kirk ''et al.'' (2008) into not only Inocybaceae and

, but also

Tubariaceae The Tubariaceae is a family (biology), family of basidiomycete fungi described by Alfredo Vizzini in 2008. Taxonomic Details The genera ''Flammulaster'', ''Phaeomarasmius'', ''Phaeomyces'' and ''Tubaria'', that previously belonged to the Inocyba ...

and

Chromocyphellaceae The Chromocyphellaceae are a family of basidiomycete fungi described by mycologist Henning Knudsen in 2010. Taxonomy The family comprises the two genera '' Chromocyphella'' and '' Phaeosolenia'', which previously belonged to the Inocybaceae, bas ...

. In a 2019 molecular study, Matheny and colleagues used six genes to determine relationships within the family. They recovered ''Nothocybe'' as sister to ''Inocybe'', while members of ''Inocybe'' section ''Rimosae'' formed a lineage that diverged from the ancestor of the preceding two, and hence reclassified it as a genus '' Pseudosperma''. Another branch gives rise to four lineages - the genus ''

Auritella ''Auritella'' is a genus of fungi in the family Inocybaceae. The genus contains seven species found in temperate Australia and tropical Africa. The genus was circumscribed in a 2006 publication by Brandon Matheny and Neil Bougher. The original pu ...

'', what was ''Inocybe'' subgenus ''Mallocybe'' (now '' Mallocybe''), ''

Tubariomyces ''Tubariomyces'' is a genus of fungi in the family Inocybaceae. The genus, circumscribed in 2010, contain two species known from Mediterranean Europe Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe. It is also known as Mediterranean Europe ...

'', and ''

Inosperma ''Inosperma'' is a genus of gilled mushroom in the family Inocybaceae. Previously defined as a subgenus within the large genus ''Inocybe'' by Robert Kühner in 1980, these fungi were found to be more distantly related in a 2019 multigene phyloge ...

'' (previously ''Inocybe'' subgenus ''Inosperma'').

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q514700 Agaricales families

Taxonomy

See also

References