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Hungarian Civil War (1264–1265)
The Hungarian Civil War of 1264–1265 ( hu, 1264–1265. évi magyar belháború) was a brief dynastic conflict between King Béla IV of Hungary and his son Duke Stephen at the turn of 1264 into 1265. Béla's relationship with his oldest son and heir, Stephen, became tense in the early 1260s, because the elderly king favored his daughter Anna and his youngest child, Béla, Duke of Slavonia. Stephen accused Béla of planning to disinherit him. After a brief skirmish, Stephen forced his father to cede all the Kingdom of Hungary's lands east of the Danube to him and adopted the title of junior king in 1262. Nevertheless, their relationship remained tense, causing a civil war by the end of 1264. The conflict resulted in Stephen's victory over his father's royal army. They concluded a peace treaty in 1266, which failed to restore confidence between them. Béla died in 1270. The 1264–1265 civil war was one trigger for the emerging feudal anarchy in Hungary by the last decades ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stephen V Of Hungary
Stephen V ( hu, V. István, hr, Stjepan V., sk, Štefan V; before 18 October 1239 – 6 August 1272, Csepel Island) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1270 and 1272, and Duke of Styria from 1258 to 1260. He was the oldest son of King Béla IV and Maria Laskarina. King Béla had his son crowned king at the age of six and appointed him Duke of Slavonia. Still a child, Stephen married Elizabeth, a daughter of a chieftain of the Cumans whom his father settled in the Great Hungarian Plain. King Béla appointed Stephen Duke of Transylvania in 1257 and Duke of Styria in 1258. The local noblemen in Styria, which had been annexed four years before, opposed his rule. Assisted by King Ottokar II of Bohemia, they rebelled and expelled Stephen's troops from most parts of Styria. After Ottokar II routed the united army of Stephen and his father in the Battle of Kressenbrunn on 12 July 1260, Stephen left Styria and returned to Transylvania. Stephen forced his father to cede all t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Matthew II Csák
Matthew (II) from the kindred Csák ( hu, Csák nembeli (II.) Máté; sk, Matúš Čák II; ro, Matei Csáki al II-lea; ''c''. 1235 – 1283 or 1284) was a powerful Hungarian baron, landowner and military leader, who held several secular positions during the reign of kings Béla IV, Stephen V and Ladislaus IV. He was the first notable member of the Trencsén branch of the ''gens'' ("clan") Csák. His nephew and heir was the oligarch Matthew III Csák, who, based on his uncles' acquisitions, became the ''de facto'' ruler of his domain independently of the king and usurped royal prerogatives on his territories. Family He was born around 1235 as one of the four sons of Matthew I, founder and first member of the Trencsén branch, who served as master of the treasury (1242–1245), and Margaret from an unidentified noble family.Markó 2006, p. 219. Matthew II's brothers were Mark I, ispán (''comes'') of Hont County in 1247, but there is no further information about him; Stephen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duchy Of Austria
The Duchy of Austria (german: Herzogtum Österreich) was a medieval principality of the Holy Roman Empire, established in 1156 by the ''Privilegium Minus'', when the Margraviate of Austria (''Ostarrîchi'') was detached from Bavaria and elevated to a duchy in its own right. After the ruling dukes of the House of Babenberg became extinct in male line, there was as much as three decades of rivalry on inheritance and rulership, until the German king Rudolf I took over the dominion as the first monarch of the Habsburg dynasty in 1276. Thereafter, Austria became the patrimony and ancestral homeland of the dynasty and the nucleus of the Habsburg monarchy. In 1453, the archducal title of the Austrian rulers, invented by Duke Rudolf IV in the forged ''Privilegium Maius'' of 1359, was officially acknowledged by the Habsburg emperor Frederick III. Geography Initially, the duchy was comparatively small in area, roughly comprising the modern-day Austrian state of Lower Austria. As a forme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Danube
The Danube ( ; ) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for , passing through or bordering Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine before draining into the Black Sea. Its drainage basin extends into nine more countries. The largest cities on the river are Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade and Bratislava, all of which are the capitals of their respective countries; the Danube passes through four capital cities, more than any other river in the world. Five more capital cities lie in the Danube's basin: Bucharest, Sofia, Zagreb, Ljubljana and Sarajevo. The fourth-largest city in its basin is Munich, the capital of Bavaria, standing on the Isar River. The Danube is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia. It flows through much of Central and Sou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen I at Esztergom around the year 1000;Kristó Gyula – Barta János – Gergely Jenő: Magyarország története előidőktől 2000-ig (History of Hungary from the prehistory to 2000), Pannonica Kiadó, Budapest, 2002, , p. 687, pp. 37, pp. 113 ("Magyarország a 12. század második felére jelentős európai tényezővé, középhatalommá vált."/"By the 12th century Hungary became an important European factor, became a middle power.", "A Nyugat részévé vált Magyarország.../Hungary became part of the West"), pp. 616–644 his family (the Árpád dynasty) led the monarchy for 300 years. By the 12th century, the kingdom became a European middle power within the Western world. Due to the Ottoman occupation of the central and south ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Béla, Duke Of Slavonia
Béla ( 1249 –1269) was the youngest and favorite child of King Béla IV of Hungary. His father appointed him Duke of Slavonia in 1260, but he only started to govern his duchy from 1268. He died childless. Early life Béla was the youngest child and the second son of King Béla IV of Hungary. His mother was Maria Laskarina, daughter of Theodore I Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea. The year of his birth is uncertain, but he was his parents' youngest child. Taking into account that his sister, Margaret was born in 1242, Mór Wertner, Gyula Kristó and other historians write that Béla was born around 1243. Béla himself stated in a charter of 1269 that "we has not turned twenty-five, we are about twenty", suggesting that he had actually been born around 1249. King Béla's letter to Pope Innocent IV, which was written in about 1254, contains the first record of Béla's life. The letter refers to a plan of the child Béla's marriage with an unnamed niece of the Pope. However, the ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Béla IV Of Hungary
Béla IV (1206 – 3 May 1270) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1235 and 1270, and Duke of Styria from 1254 to 1258. As the oldest son of King Andrew II, he was crowned upon the initiative of a group of influential noblemen in his father's lifetime in 1214. His father, who strongly opposed Béla's coronation, refused to give him a province to rule until 1220. In this year, Béla was appointed Duke of Slavonia, also with jurisdiction in Croatia and Dalmatia. Around the same time, Béla married Maria, a daughter of Theodore I Laskaris, Emperor of Nicaea. From 1226, he governed Transylvania as duke. He supported Christian missions among the pagan Cumans who dwelled in the plains to the east of his province. Some Cuman chieftains acknowledged his suzerainty and he adopted the title of King of Cumania in 1233. King Andrew died on 21 September 1235 and Béla succeeded him. He attempted to restore royal authority, which had diminished under his father. For this purpose, he revise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Árpád Dynasty
The Árpád dynasty, consisted of the members of the royal House of Árpád (), also known as Árpáds ( hu, Árpádok, hr, Arpadovići). They were the ruling dynasty of the Principality of Hungary in the 9th and 10th centuries and of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 to 1301. The dynasty was named after the Hungarian Grand Prince Árpád who was the head of the Hungarian tribal federation during the conquest of the Carpathian Basin, c. 895. Previously, it was referred to as the Turul dynasty or kindred. Both the first Grand Prince of the Hungarians (Álmos) and the first king of Hungary (Saint Stephen) were members of the dynasty. Eight members of the dynasty were canonized or beatified by the Catholic Church; therefore, since the 13th century the dynasty has often been referred to as the "Kindred of the Holy Kings". Two Árpáds were recognized as Saints by the Eastern Orthodox Church. The dynasty came to end in 1301 with the death of King Andrew III of Hungary, whil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reynold Básztély
Reynold (II) from the kindred Básztély ( hu, Básztély nembeli (II.) Rénold; died between 1291 and 1296) was a Hungarian baron, soldier and courtier, who was a staunch supporter of Duke Stephen. Originating from a royal servant family, he elevated into the nobility due to his military successes and loyalty. At the peak of his career, he served as Palatine of Hungary in 1289. He was the ancestor of the powerful Rozgonyi family. Social status and family Reynold II, who was presumably born in the mid-1230s, originated from the ''gens'' Básztély. Their ancient estates laid in Básztély or Vasztély, Esztergom County (today a borough in Csabdi, Fejér County), the name of the kindred derived from it. According to a scholar theory, they were of French origin, and erected a tower in the settlement which became eponym to the village (first appeared in contemporary records as "Boztyh" in 1240) and subsequently the kindred ("bastille" --> "Básztij" --> "Básztély"). According to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stephen Rátót
Stephen (I) from the kindred Rátót ("Porc"; hu, Rátót nembeli (I.) "Porc" István; died after 1277) was a Hungarian lord in the 13th century, who served as Master of the treasury. He was a prominent member of the queenly court for years. His acquisitions of lands in Central Hungary proved to be basis for establishment of his clan's province during the era of feudal anarchy. Family Stephen was born into the prestigious and influential ''gens'' (clan) Rátót, as the son of Dominic I, who was killed in the Battle of Mohi in 1241. Stephen had three brothers, Roland I, Oliver I and Leustach II, and a sister, who married Maurice Pok.Engel: ''Genealógia'' (Genus Rátót 1. main branch) His wife, Aglent Smaragd was mentioned as a living person in 1327, when she resided as a Beguine nun at the Sibylla cloister in Buda. As her brothers, Ladislaus and Aynard were active courtiers even in 1350, it is plausible that Aglent was not the mother of Stephen's four sons: Dominic II, Lawr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mikod Kökényesradnót
Mikod (II) from the kindred Kökényesradnót ( hu, Kökényesradnót nembeli (II.) Mikod; died 1298) was a Hungarian baron and soldier in the second half of the 13th century. He served as Ban of Severin from 1275 to 1276. He was a staunch supporter of Stephen V of Hungary. He acquired several landholdings in Transylvania due to his military and political service since the 1250s. The influential Dobokai family ascended from him. Family Mikod (also Mikud or Mykud) was born into the ''gens'' (clan) Kökényesradnót,Engel: ''Genealógia'' (Genus Kökényesradnót 1., Dobokai branch) which initially possessed landholdings in the southeastern part of Nógrád County. According to the 14th-century ''Illuminated Chronicle'', the ancestors of the kindred – Kökényes (Kyquin) and Radnót (Reynold) – were of Hispanic origin, who "came to Hungary with Queen Margaret, the wife of King Béla I of Hungary" in the 11th century. Whereas no such queen is known, the majority of historians co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Karászi
Alexander (I) Karászi ( hu, Karászi (I.) Sándor; died 1274/76) was a Hungarian military leader and baron in the second half of the 13th century. He was a faithful confidant of Younger King Stephen in the 1260s. In this capacity, he played an active role in the civil war between Stephen and his father King Béla IV of Hungary. He served as Ban of Severin from around 1265/1266 to 1268. He was Judge royal between 1272 and 1273, during the reign of Ladislaus IV of Hungary. He was the forefather of the Karászi (then Edelényi) noble family, which acquired possessions in Northeast Hungary, primarily in Szabolcs and Szatmár counties. Early career Alexander was the son of a certain Drugh (also Drug or Dorog). Historian Mór Wertner considered that he belonged to the ''gens'' (clan) Gutkeled. According to two charters of Duke Stephen (1267 and 1268, the text of the former was preserved only by a summary in a 14th-century charter), Alexander had served him since the youth of the pri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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