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Glyceollin
Glyceollins are a family of prenylated pterocarpans found in ineffective types of nodule in soybean in response to symbiotic infection. It possesses two chiral centers and can be asymmetrically synthesized chemically at a gram level scale. Molecules found in the family are : * Glyceollin I * Glyceollin II * Glyceollin III * Glyceollin IV Effects They are phytoalexins with an antiestrogenic activity.Glyceollins, a Novel Class of Antiestrogenic Phytoalexins. Syreeta L. Tilghman, Stephen M. Boué and Matthew E. Burow, Mol Cell Pharmacol 2010;2(4), pp. 155-160, Lygin ''et al.'' 2013 finds antifungal activity against ''Phytophthora sojae'' and ''Macrophomina phaseolina'', and Kim ''et al.'' 2010 against ''Aspergillus sojae''. Kaplan ''et al.'' 1980 finds nematicidal activity against ''Meloidogyne incognita''. Parniske ''et al.'' 1991 finds an antibacterial effect. Glyceollin is a vital part of soybean immunity. Metabolism Lygin ''et al.'' 2013 find that daidzein is a precursor. . ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glyceollin IV
Glyceollins are a family of prenylated pterocarpans found in ineffective types of nodule in soybean in response to symbiotic infection. It possesses two chiral centers and can be asymmetrically synthesized chemically at a gram level scale. Molecules found in the family are : * Glyceollin I * Glyceollin II * Glyceollin III * Glyceollin IV Effects They are phytoalexins with an antiestrogenic activity.Glyceollins, a Novel Class of Antiestrogenic Phytoalexins. Syreeta L. Tilghman, Stephen M. Boué and Matthew E. Burow, Mol Cell Pharmacol 2010;2(4), pp. 155-160, Lygin ''et al.'' 2013 finds antifungal activity against ''Phytophthora sojae'' and ''Macrophomina phaseolina'', and Kim ''et al.'' 2010 against ''Aspergillus sojae''. Kaplan ''et al.'' 1980 finds nematicidal activity against ''Meloidogyne incognita''. Parniske ''et al.'' 1991 finds an antibacterial effect. Glyceollin is a vital part of soybean immunity. Metabolism Lygin ''et al.'' 2013 find that daidzein is a precursor. . ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glyceollin II
Glyceollins are a family of prenylated pterocarpans found in ineffective types of nodule in soybean in response to symbiotic infection. It possesses two chiral centers and can be asymmetrically synthesized chemically at a gram level scale. Molecules found in the family are : * Glyceollin I * Glyceollin II * Glyceollin III * Glyceollin IV Effects They are phytoalexins with an antiestrogenic activity.Glyceollins, a Novel Class of Antiestrogenic Phytoalexins. Syreeta L. Tilghman, Stephen M. Boué and Matthew E. Burow, Mol Cell Pharmacol 2010;2(4), pp. 155-160, Lygin ''et al.'' 2013 finds antifungal activity against ''Phytophthora sojae'' and ''Macrophomina phaseolina'', and Kim ''et al.'' 2010 against ''Aspergillus sojae''. Kaplan ''et al.'' 1980 finds nematicidal activity against ''Meloidogyne incognita''. Parniske ''et al.'' 1991 finds an antibacterial effect. Glyceollin is a vital part of soybean immunity. Metabolism Lygin ''et al.'' 2013 find that daidzein is a precursor. . ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pterocarpan
Pterocarpans are derivatives of isoflavonoids found in the family Fabaceae. It is a group of compounds which can be described as benzo-pyrano-furano-benzenes (i.e. 6''H''- enzofuro ,2-chromene skeleton) which can be formed by coupling of the B ring to the 4-one position. 2'-hydroxyisoflavone reductase is the enzyme responsible for the conversion in ''Cicer arietinum'' and glyceollin synthase for the production of glyceollins, phytoalexins in soybean. Known compounds * Bitucarpin A and B, isolated from the aerial parts of Mediterranean plants ''Bituminaria morisiana'' and ''Bituminaria bituminosa'' * Erybraedin A and B, isolated from the stems of ''Erythrina subumbrans'' and C, isolated from the leaves of ''Bituminaria morisiana'' * Erythrabyssin II, erystagallin A, erythrabissin-1, and erycristagallin isolated from the stems of ''Erythrina subumbrans'' * Glycinol, glyceollidin I and II, glyceollins (glyceollin I, II, III and IV), found in the soybean (''Glycin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glyceollin I
Glyceollin I is a glyceollin, a type of prenylated pterocarpan. It is a phytoalexin found in the soybean. Glyceollin synthase is an enzyme responsible for the production of glyceollin. The five substrates of this enzyme are 2-dimethylallyl-(6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan, 4-dimethylallyl-(6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its three products are glyceollin, NADP+, and H2O. In in vitro studies, this molecule has been shown to exhibit antiestrogenic Antiestrogens, also known as estrogen antagonists or estrogen blockers, are a class of drugs which prevent estrogens like estradiol from mediating their biological effects in the body. They act by blocking the estrogen receptor (ER) and/or inh ... properties. References Antiestrogens Pterocarpans Phytoalexins {{aromatic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glyceollin III
Glyceollin III is a glyceollin, a type of pterocarpan, found in the soybean (''Glycine max''). It has an antiestrogenic effect. In soil, it has an antifungal activity against ''Aspergillus sojae ''Aspergillus sojae'' is a species of fungus in the genus ''Aspergillus''. In Japan, it is used to make the ferment ( ''kōji'') of soy sauce, miso, mirin, and other lacto-fermented condiments such as ''tsukemono''. Soy sauce condiment is produ ...''.Antifungal Activity of Glyceollins Isolated from Soybean Elicited with Aspergillus sojae. Hyo Jung Kim, Hwa-Jin Suh, Choong Hwan Lee, Jeong Hwan Kim, Sun Chul Kang, Sunmin Park and Jong-Sang Kim, J. Agric. Food Chem., 2010, 58 (17), pp. 9483–9487, References Antiestrogens Pterocarpans {{aromatic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glyceollin Synthase
In enzymology, a glyceollin synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the last committed step in glyceollin biosynthesis. This enzyme has been classified as a cytochrome dependent monooxygenase. It uses cyclization of prenyl residue to convert glyceollidins (I and II) into glyceollins (I - III). This enzyme catalyzes the following chemical reaction: :2-(or 4-)dimethylallyl-(6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan + NADPH + H+ + O2 \rightleftharpoons glyceollin + NADP+ + 2 H2O The five substrates of this enzyme are 2-dimethylallyl-(6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan, 4-dimethylallyl-(6aS,11aS)-3,6a,9-trihydroxypterocarpan, NADPH, H+, and O2, whereas its three products are glyceollin, NADP+, and H2O. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with NADH or NADPH as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aspergillus Sojae
''Aspergillus sojae'' is a species of fungus in the genus ''Aspergillus''. In Japan, it is used to make the ferment ( ''kōji'') of soy sauce, miso, mirin, and other lacto-fermented condiments such as ''tsukemono''. Soy sauce condiment is produced by fermenting soybeans with ''A. sojae'', along with water and salt. Glyceollins, molecules belonging to the pterocarpans, are found in the soybean (''Glycine max'') and have been found to have an antifungal activity against ''A. sojae''. ''Aspergillus sojae'' contains 10 glutaminase genes. The glutaminase enzyme in ''A. sojae'' is important to the taste of the soy sauce that it produces. An experiment was conducted using the genome sequencing of ''A. sojae.'' Strain NBRC 4239 had been isolated from the ''koji'' used to prepare Japanese soy sauce. The sequencing technology was used to investigate the genome with respect to enzymes and secondary metabolites in comparison with other ''Aspergillus'' species sequenced. The ''A. soj ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Daidzein
Daidzein (7-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one) is a naturally occurring compound found exclusively in soybeans and other legumes and structurally belongs to a class of compounds known as isoflavones. Daidzein and other isoflavones are produced in plants through the phenylpropanoid pathway of secondary metabolism and are used as signal carriers, and defense responses to pathogenic attacks. In humans, recent research has shown the viability of using daidzein in medicine for menopausal relief, osteoporosis, blood cholesterol, and lowering the risk of some hormone-related cancers, and heart disease. Despite the known health benefits, the use of both puerarin and daidzein is limited by their poor bioavailability and low water solubility. Natural occurrence Daidzein and other isoflavone compounds, such as genistein, are present in a number of plants and herbs like kwao krua (''Pueraria mirifica'') and kudzu. It can also be found in ''Maackia amurensis'' cell cultures. Daid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robert B Mellor
Robert B. Mellor (born in Yorkshire, UK) is a British scientist probably best known for his 1989 "unified vacuole theory", although also made significant contributions to environmental technology and to our understanding of the workings of the tech entrepreneurship ecosystem. Unified vacuole theory The theory states that in plant endosymbioses, the micro-symbiont and the macro-symbiont generally share their lytic vacuolar compartments. This stems from Mellor's earlier 1988 symbiosome (or "symbiosome is a lysosome") theory, which states that the organelle that microsymbionts inhabit partially takes over the lysosomal functions in these plant cells. These plant cells are analogous to the role of protein bodies in seeds, in particular that the rhizobial symbiosome is an organ-specific form of lysosome or vacuole in legume root nodules. The Marburg and Basel Years (plant biology) Mellor was interested in how plants distinguish between symbiotic and pathogenic infections. In 198 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Invertase
Invertase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis (breakdown) of sucrose (table sugar) into fructose and glucose. Alternative names for invertase include , saccharase, glucosucrase, beta-h-fructosidase, beta-fructosidase, invertin, sucrase, maxinvert L 1000, fructosylinvertase, alkaline invertase, acid invertase, and the systematic name: beta-fructofuranosidase. The resulting mixture of fructose and glucose is called inverted sugar syrup. Related to invertases are sucrases. Invertases and sucrases hydrolyze sucrose to give the same mixture of glucose and fructose. Invertase is a glycoprotein that hydrolyses (cleaves) the non-reducing terminal beta-fructofuranoside residues. Thus, its systematic name is beta-fructofuranosidase. Invertases cleave the O-C(fructose) bond, whereas the sucrases cleave the O-C(glucose) bond. Invertase cleaves the alpha-1,2-glycosidic bond of sucrose. For industrial use, invertase is usually derived from yeast. It is also synthesized by bees, which us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
British Society For Plant Pathology
The British Society for Plant Pathology, or BSPP, is a UK-based organisation of British plant pathologists but accepts members from all countries. It was founded in 1981 and publishes three scientific journals: ''Plant Pathology'', ''Molecular Plant Pathology'' and ''New Disease Reports''. The BSPP has links to the International Society for Plant Pathology. The organisation gives an annual award for the best student paper published in one of society's journals. The P. H. Gregory prize is awarded to the best presenter of an oral paper at the annual presidential meeting. Like other organisations of its type it arranges conferences and also awards various scholarships and fellowship A fellow is a concept whose exact meaning depends on context. In learned or professional societies, it refers to a privileged member who is specially elected in recognition of their work and achievements. Within the context of higher education ...s. History The Federation of British Plant Pathol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plant Pathogen
Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not included are ectoparasites like insects, mites, vertebrate, or other pests that affect plant health by eating plant tissues. Plant pathology also involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases. Overview Control of plant diseases is crucial to the reliable production of food, and it provides significant problems in agricultural use of land, water, fuel and other inputs. Plants in both natural and cultivated populat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
