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Gemifloxacin
Gemifloxacin mesylate (trade name Factive, Oscient Pharmaceuticals) is an oral broad-spectrum quinolone antibacterial agent used in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and mild-to-moderate pneumonia. Vansen Pharma Inc. has licensed the active ingredient from LG Life Sciences of Korea. Indications Gemifloxacin is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms in the conditions listed below. * Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis caused by ''S. pneumoniae'', ''Haemophilus influenzae'', ''Haemophilus parainfluenzae'', or ''Moraxella catarrhalis'' * Community-acquired pneumonia (of mild to moderate severity) caused by ''S. pneumoniae'' (including multi-drug resistant strains, ''Haemophilus influenzae'', ''Moraxella catarrhalis'', ''Mycoplasma pneumoniae'', ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'', or ''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' Microbiology Gemifloxacin has been shown to be active against most ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fluoroquinolones
A quinolone antibiotic is a member of a large group of broad-spectrum antibiotic, broad-spectrum bacteriocidals that share a bicyclic molecule, bicyclic core structure related to the substance 4-Quinolone, 4-quinolone. They are used in human and veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections, as well as in animal husbandry, specifically poultry production. Nearly all quinolone antibiotics in use are fluoroquinolones, which contain a fluorine atom in their chemical structure and are effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. One example is ciprofloxacin, one of the most widely used antibiotics worldwide. Medical uses Fluoroquinolones are often used for genitourinary infections and are widely used in the treatment of hospital-acquired infections associated with urinary catheters. In community-acquired infections, they are recommended only when risk factors for multidrug resistance are present or after other antibiotic regimens have failed. However, fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quinolone Antibiotic
A quinolone antibiotic is a member of a large group of broad-spectrum bacteriocidals that share a bicyclic core structure related to the substance 4-quinolone. They are used in human and veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections, as well as in animal husbandry, specifically poultry production. Nearly all quinolone antibiotics in use are fluoroquinolones, which contain a fluorine atom in their chemical structure and are effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. One example is ciprofloxacin, one of the most widely used antibiotics worldwide. Medical uses Fluoroquinolones are often used for genitourinary infections and are widely used in the treatment of hospital-acquired infections associated with urinary catheters. In community-acquired infections, they are recommended only when risk factors for multidrug resistance are present or after other antibiotic regimens have failed. However, for serious acute cases of pyelonephritis or bacterial pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ or SMX) is an antibiotic. It is used for bacterial infections such as urinary tract infections, bronchitis, and prostatitis and is effective against both gram negative and positive bacteria such as ''Listeria monocytogenes'' and ''E. coli''. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and skin rashes. It is a sulfonamide and bacteriostatic. It resembles a component of folic acid. It prevents folic acid synthesis in the bacteria that must synthesize their own folic acid. Mammalian cells, and some bacteria, do not synthesize but require preformed folic acid (vitamin B9); they are therefore insensitive to sulfamethoxazole. It was introduced to the United States in 1961. It is now mostly used in combination with trimethoprim (abbreviated SMX-TMP). The SMX-TMP combination is on the WHO Model List of Essential medicines as a first-choice treatment for urinary tract infections. Other names include: sulfamethalazole, sulfisomezole,PubChem"Sul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
''Mycoplasma pneumoniae'' is a very small bacterium in the class Mollicutes. It is a human pathogen that causes the disease mycoplasma pneumonia, a form of atypical bacterial pneumonia related to cold agglutinin disease. ''M. pneumoniae'' is characterized by the absence of a peptidoglycan cell wall and resulting resistance to many antibacterial agents. The persistence of ''M. pneumoniae'' infections even after treatment is associated with its ability to mimic host cell surface composition. Discovery and history In 1898, Nocard and Roux isolated an agent assumed to be the cause of cattle pneumonia and named it ''microbe de la peripneumonie'' Microorganisms from other sources, having properties similar to the pleuropneumonia organism (PPO) of cattle, soon came to be known as pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO), but their true nature remained unknown. Many PPLO were later proven to be the cause of pneumonias and arthritis in several lower animals. In 1944, Monroe Eaton had used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlamydia Pneumoniae
''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' is a species of ''Chlamydia'', an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects humans and is a major cause of pneumonia. It was known as the Taiwan acute respiratory agent (TWAR) from the names of the two original isolates – Taiwan (TW-183) and an acute respiratory isolate designated AR-39. Briefly, it was known as ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae,'' and that name is used as an alternate in some sources. In some cases, to avoid confusion, both names are given. ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' has a complex life cycle and must infect another cell to reproduce; thus, it is classified as an obligate intracellular pathogen. The full genome sequence for ''C. pneumoniae'' was published in 1999. It also infects and causes disease in koalas, emerald tree boas (''Corallus caninus''), iguanas, chameleons, frogs, and turtles. The first known case of infection with ''C. pneumoniae'' was a case of conjunctivitis in Taiwan in 1950. There are no known cases of ''C. pneumon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proteus Vulgaris
''Proteus vulgaris'' is a rod-shaped, nitrate-reducing, indole-positive and catalase-positive, hydrogen sulfide-producing, Gram-negative bacterium that inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. It can be found in soil, water, and fecal matter. It is grouped with the Morganellaceae and is an opportunistic pathogen of humans. It is known to cause wound infections and other species of its genera are known to cause urinary tract infections. ''P. vulgaris'' was one of the three species Hauser isolated from putrefied meat and identified (1885). Over the past two decades, the genus ''Proteus'', and in particular ''P. vulgaris'', has undergone a number of major taxonomic revisions. In 1982, ''P. vulgaris'' was separated into three biogroups on the basis of indole production. Biogroup one was indole negative and represented a new species, ''P. penneri'', while biogroups two and three remained together as ''P. vulgaris''. Lab identification According to laboratory fermen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legionella Pneumophila
''Legionella pneumophila'' is a thin, aerobic, pleomorphic, flagellated, non-spore-forming, Gram-negative bacterium of the genus ''Legionella''. ''L. pneumophila'' is the primary human pathogenic bacterium in this group and is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, also known as legionellosis. In nature, ''L. pneumophila'' infects freshwater and soil amoebae of the genera ''Acanthamoeba'' and ''Naegleria''. The mechanism of infection is similar in amoeba and human cells. Characterization ''L. pneumophila'' is a Gram-negative, non-encapsulated, aerobic bacillus with a single, polar flagellum often characterized as being a coccobacillus. It is aerobic and unable to hydrolyse gelatin or produce urease. It is also non- fermentative. ''L. pneumophila'' is neither pigmented nor does it autofluoresce. It is oxidase- and catalase-positive, and produces beta-lactamase. ''L. pneumophila'' colony morphology is gray-white with a textured, cut-glass appearance; it also requires cyst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Klebsiella Oxytoca
''Klebsiella oxytoca'' is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is closely related to ''K. pneumoniae'', from which it is distinguished by being indole-positive; it also has slightly different growth characteristics in that it is able to grow on melezitose, but not 3-hydroxybutyrate. It was first described in 1886 when it was isolated from sour milk and named ''Bacillus oxytocus perniciosus'' (from Greek ''oxus'' 'sour' + ''-tokos'' 'producing'). ''Klebsiella oxytoca'' is characterized by negative methyl red, positive VP, positive citrate, urea and TSI gas production, is AA, and negative for TSI sulfide, DNAse, growth on sulfide-indole motility medium and the phenylalanine deaminase test. It is a diazotroph, able to colonise plant hosts and fix atmospheric nitrogen into a form which the plant can use. Association of ''K. oxytoca'' with the barley rhizosphere during an entire vegetative period has been demonstrated. The bacteria adhere strongly to root hairs, and less stron ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acinetobacter Lwoffii
''Acinetobacter lwoffii'', formerly known as ''Mima polymorpha'' or ''Acinetobacter calcoaceticus var. lwoffii'', is a non- fermentative Gram-negative bacillus bacterium that is a member of the genus ''Acinetobacter''. It is considered as normal skin flora and can also inhabit the human oropharynx and perineum of up to 25% of the population. In addition to that, it can cause infections in human hosts, particularly catheter-associated infections in immunocompromised patients. It has also been associated with at least one case of gastroenteritis. Due to its ability to survive dry conditions, low pH, and a wide range of temperatures, ''A. lwoffii'', along with ''A. johnsonii'', has been found in frozen food, bacon, eggs, pasteurized milk, and fish. It is also resistant to many disinfectants, irradiation, and desiccation. There are also many environmental ''A. lwoffii'' strains originating for instance from a permafrost or former gold mine Gold Mine may refer to: * Gold Mine (board ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moraxella Catarrhalis
''Moraxella catarrhalis'' is a fastidious, nonmotile, Gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive diplococcus that can cause infections of the respiratory system, middle ear, eye, central nervous system, and joints of humans. It causes the infection of the host cell by sticking to the host cell using trimeric autotransporter adhesins. Epidemiology ''Moraxella catarrhalis'' is a human pathogen with an affinity for the human upper respiratory tract. Other primates, such as macaques, might become infected by this bacterium. History ''Moraxella catarrhalis'' was previously placed in a separate genus named ''Branhamella''. The rationale for this was that other members of the genus ''Moraxella'' are rod-shaped and rarely caused infections in humans. However, results from DNA hybridization studies and 16S rRNA sequence comparisons were used to justify inclusion of the species ''M. catarrhalis'' in the genus ''Moraxella''. As a consequence, the name ''Moraxella catarrhalis'' is cur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Klebsiella Pneumoniae
''Klebsiella pneumoniae'' is a Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated, lactose-fermenting, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It appears as a mucoid lactose fermenter on MacConkey agar. Although found in the normal flora of the mouth, skin, and intestines, it can cause destructive changes to human and animal lungs if aspirated, specifically to the alveoli resulting in bloody, brownish or yellow colored jelly like sputum. In the clinical setting, it is the most significant member of the genus ''Klebsiella'' of the Enterobacteriaceae. ''K. oxytoca'' and ''K. rhinoscleromatis'' have also been demonstrated in human clinical specimens. In recent years, ''Klebsiella'' species have become important pathogens in nosocomial infections. It naturally occurs in the soil, and about 30% of strains can fix nitrogen in anaerobic conditions. As a free-living diazotroph, its nitrogen-fixation system has been much-studied, and is of agricultural interest, as ''K. pneumoniae'' has been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haemophilus Parainfluenzae
''Haemophilus parainfluenzae'' is a species of'' Haemophilus''. It is one of the HACEK organisms. ''H. parainfluenzae'' is an opportunistic pathogen that has been associated with endocarditis, bronchitis, otitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, abscesses and genital tract infections. Natural genetic transformation ''H. parainfluenzae'' biotypes I and II are capable of natural genetic transformation. Natural genetic transformation is a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine exogenous DNA into its genome it must enter a special physiological state termed natural competence In microbiology, genetics, cell biology, and molecular biology, competence is the ability of a cell to alter its genetics by taking up extracellular ("naked") DNA from its environment in the process called transformation. Competence may be diff .... In ''H. parainfluenzae'', competence is induced during the late stationary phase of growth. Natural ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
