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Fourth Constituent Charter
The Fourth Constituent Charter ( be, Чацьвертая Ўстаўная грамата, Čaćviertaja Ŭstaŭnaja hramata) is a resolution of the Council of People's Ministers of the Belarusian People's Republic of November 29, 1918 on the Establishment of Local Self-Government Institutions at the Volast, Paviet and Miesto Levels: "Let all the citizens of Belarus unite around the Council of the Belarusian People's Republic and the Belarusian Government and create their own parish, county and local Belarusian Councils throughout Belarus". Text {{Quote, text=The Rada of BNR, which received its powers from the Belarusian People at the All-Belarusian Congress, announced in its letters of March 9 and 25, 1918, that all power in the Belarusian land would pass into the hands of the people. The land, forests and natural resources of the region have been declared a popular opinion. Following this, the Council began to build an independent Belarusian state on the basis established b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constituent Charter Of The Belarusian People's Republic
The Constituent Charter of the Belarusian People's Republic ( be, Устаўныя граматы БНР, Ustaŭnyja hramaty BNR) are documents adopted by the Executive Committee of the Council of the All-Belarusian Congress and the Council of the BNR in February and March 1918, which proclaimed the will of the Belarusian people regarding their national and state future. The First Constituent Charter Adopted by the Executive Committee of the Council of the All-Belarusian Congress on February 21, 1918 in Minsk. The First Constituent Charter called on the Belarusian people to exercise their right to "full self-determination" and national minorities to exercise national and personal autonomy. Referring to the right of peoples to self-determination, the authors of the charter argued that power in Belarus should be formed in accordance with the will of the peoples inhabiting the country. This principle must be implemented through democratic elections to the All-Belarusian Constitu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Local Government
Local government is a generic term for the lowest tiers of public administration within a particular sovereign state. This particular usage of the word government refers specifically to a level of administration that is both geographically-localised and has limited powers. While in some countries, "government" is normally reserved purely for a national administration (government) (which may be known as a central government or federal government), the term local government is always used specifically in contrast to national government – as well as, in many cases, the activities of sub-national, first-level administrative divisions (which are generally known by names such as cantons, provinces, states, oblasts, or regions). Local governments generally act only within powers specifically delegated to them by law and/or directives of a higher level of government. In federal states, local government generally comprises a third or fourth tier of government, whereas in unitary state ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volost
Volost ( rus, во́лость, p=ˈvoləsʲtʲ; ) was a traditional administrative subdivision in Eastern Europe. In earlier East Slavic history, ''volost'' was a name for the territory ruled by the knyaz, a principality; either as an absolute ruler or with varying degree of autonomy from the ''Velikiy Knyaz'' (Grand Prince). Starting from the end of the 14th century, ''volost'' was a unit of administrative division in Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Poland, Muscovy, lands of modern Latvia and Ukraine. Since about the 16th century it was a part of provincial districts that were called "uezd" in Muscovy and the later Russian Empire. Each uezd had several volosts that were subordinated to the uezd city. After the abolition of Russian serfdom in 1861, ''volost'' became a unit of peasant's local self-rule. A number of mirs are united into a volost, which has an assembly consisting of elected delegates from the mirs. These elect an elder ('' starshina'') and, hitherto, a court of justice ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Powiat
A ''powiat'' (pronounced ; Polish plural: ''powiaty'') is the second-level unit of local government and administration in Poland, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture ( LAU-1, formerly NUTS-4) in other countries. The term "''powiat''" is most often translated into English as "county" or "district" (sometimes "poviat"). In historical contexts this may be confusing because the Polish term ''hrabstwo'' (an administrative unit administered/owned by a ''hrabia'' (count) is also literally translated as "county". A ''powiat'' is part of a larger unit, the voivodeship (Polish ''województwo'') or province. A ''powiat'' is usually subdivided into '' gmina''s (in English, often referred to as "communes" or "municipalities"). Major towns and cities, however, function as separate counties in their own right, without subdivision into ''gmina''s. They are termed " city counties" (''powiaty grodzkie'' or, more formally, ''miasta na prawach powiatu'') and have roughly the same ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
City
A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be defined as a permanent and densely settled place with administratively defined boundaries whose members work primarily on non-agricultural tasks. Cities generally have extensive systems for housing, transportation, sanitation, utilities, land use, production of goods, and communication. Their density facilitates interaction between people, government organisations and businesses, sometimes benefiting different parties in the process, such as improving efficiency of goods and service distribution. Historically, city-dwellers have been a small proportion of humanity overall, but following two centuries of unprecedented and rapid urbanization, more than half of the world population now lives in cities, which has had profound consequences for g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Constituent Charter
The First Constituent Charter to the peoples of Belarus ( be, Першая Ўстаўная грамата да народаў Беларусі, Pieršaja Ŭstaŭnaja hramata da narodaŭ Biełarusi) is a legal and political act issued by the Executive Committee of the Council of the All-Belarusian Congress on February 21, 1918 in Minsk (in the former Governor's House). She called on the Belarusian people to exercise their right to full self-determination, and national minorities — on national and personal autonomy. The microfilmed original of the act is kept in the 325th fund of the National Archives of Belarus. Historical context The rapid offensive of the German Empire, which began on February 18, 1918, forced the regional executive committees and the SNC of the Western region and the front on the night of February 19, 1918 to evacuate from Minsk to Smolensk. This contributed to the resumption of the open activities of the Executive Committee of the Council of the All-Bela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Constituent Charter
The Second Constituent Charter to the peoples of Belarus ( be, Другая Ўстаўная грамата да народаў Беларусі, Druhaja Ŭstaŭnaja hramata da narodaŭ Biełarusi) is a legal act adopted by the Executive Committee of the Council of the All-Belarusian Congress on March 9, 1918 in Minsk. Announced the formation of the Belarusian People's Republic as a democratic parliamentary and legal state, defined its territory within the settlement and numerical superiority of Belarusians. Embodied the then achievements of political and legal thought. Сідарэвіч А. Другая Устаўная грамата // С. 284. Historical context Adopted on February 21, 1918, the First Constituent Charter proclaimed the Executive Committee of the Council of the All-Belarusian Congress a temporary people's power in Belarus. However, on March 3, 1918, Soviet Russia concluded the Brest Peace Treaty, according to which it transferred most of the territory of Bela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Third Constituent Charter
The Third Constituent Charter ( be, Трэцяя Ўстаўная грамата, Treciaja Ŭstaŭnaja hramata) is a legal act adopted by the Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic on March 25, 1918 in Minsk (in Malin's house), according to which the Belarusian People's Republic was proclaimed an independent state. The anniversary of this historic event is traditionally celebrated by Belarusians as a celebration of the restoration of state independence. A copy of the Third Constituent Charter is kept in the National Archives of Belarus. History The adoption of the Third Charter took place in conditions when, according to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Soviet Russia agreed to the occupation of most of Belarus by the German Empire. The document summed up the results of the internal struggle in the leadership of the Belarusian People's Republic (BNR) and the Belarusian Socialist Society (BSG) for the adoption of the Second Charter to the Peoples of Belarus, which dissatisfied t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Belarusian National Republic
The Belarusian People's Republic (BNR; be, Беларуская Народная Рэспубліка, Bielaruskaja Narodnaja Respublika, ), or Belarusian Democratic Republic, was a state proclaimed by the Council of the Belarusian Democratic Republic in its Second Constituent Charter on 9 March 1918 during World War I. The Council proclaimed the Belarusian Democratic Republic independent in its Third Constituent Charter on 25 March 1918 during the occupation of contemporary Belarus by the Imperial German Army. The government of the Belarusian Democratic Republic never had power over the whole territory of Belarus. In 1919, it co-existed with an alternative Communist government of Belarus (the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia, which later became part of the Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic), moving its seat of government to Vilnius and Grodno, but ceased to exist due to the capture of the whole Belarusian territory by Polish and Socialist Soviet Republ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1918 In Belarus
This year is noted for the end of the World War I, First World War, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, as well as for the Spanish flu pandemic that killed 50–100 million people worldwide. Events Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix. January * January – 1918 flu pandemic: The "Spanish flu" (influenza) is first observed in Haskell County, Kansas. * January 4 – The Finnish Declaration of Independence is recognized by Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Soviet Russia, Sweden, German Empire, Germany and France. * January 9 – Battle of Bear Valley: U.S. troops engage Yaqui people, Yaqui Native American warriors in a minor skirmish in Arizona, and one of the last battles of the American Indian Wars between the United States and Native Americans. * January 15 ** The keel of is laid in Britain, the first purpose-designed aircraft carrier to be laid down. ** The Red Army (The Workers and Peasants Red Army) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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