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Fahlavīyāt
''Fahlaviyat'' ( fa, فهلویات, Fahlavīyāt), also spelled ''fahlavi'' (), was a designation for poetry composed in the local northwestern Iranian dialects and languages of the Fahla region, which comprised Isfahan, Ray, Hamadan, Mah Nahavand, and Azerbaijan, corresponding to the ancient region of Media. ''Fahlaviyat'' is an Arabicized form of the Persian word Pahlavi, which originally meant Parthian, but now came to mean "heroic, old, ancient." According to the historians Siavash Lornejad and Ali Doostzadeh, the ''Fahlaviyat'' used in Azerbaijan was called Old Azeri. ''Fahlaviyat'', which was descended from Median dialects, had been substantially impacted by the Persian language, and also had linguistic similarities with the Parthian language. The oldest ''fahlaviyat'' quatrain was supposedly written in the dialect of Nahavand, by a certain Abu Abbas Nahavandi (died 942/43). Evidence indicates that the Persian Sufis of Baghdad sang popular lyrical quatrains during the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bundar Razi
Bundar Razi was an Iranian poet of the 10th and 11th-centuries, who composed poetry in New Persian and his own local dialect. A native of Ray, Bundar served at the court of the Buyid ruler Majd al-Dawla (). According to the modern historian Hassan Rezai Baghbidi, while the local dialect that Bundar wrote in has been called Fahlawi or even Daylami, it is in reality the Razi dialect The Razi dialect was a northwestern Iranian language spoken in the city of Ray, located on the southern slopes of the Alborz mountain range situated near Tehran, the capital of Iran. It was most likely a continuation of the Median language. The l .... References Sources * * * * {{Encyclopaedia Iranica , volume=9 , fascicle=2 , title = Fahlavīyāt , last = Tafazzoli , first = Ahmad , url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/fahlaviyat , pages = 158–162 Buyid-period poets 10th-century Iranian people 11th-century Iranian people People from Ray, Iran ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maghrebi Tabrizi
Mohammad Shirin Maghrebi Tabrizi, known as Shirin or Mullah Mohammad Shirin also known as Shams Maghrebi lived between years 1348 AD until 1406 AD (749-809 AH), is an Iranian poet and a Mysticism, Mystic and a Sufism, Sufi of the second half of the eighth century AH. The reason for his fame and nickname to the Maghrebi Arabic, Maghrebi is considered by some to be his trip to Morocco (called Maghreb in Persian language, Persian) and wearing a cloak by one of Ibn Arabi, Ibn Arabi's relatives. Maghrebi in his beliefs was a follower of Ismaeel Sisi and was a good fellow of Noureddin Abdul Rahman Esfarayeni and a companion of Kamal Khujandi. In addition to Ismaeel Sisi, his other teachers are: Baha'uddin Hamedani, Mohiuddin Ibn Arabi, Sa'ad al-Din Tabrizi and Abdul Momen Saravi. Some have attributed him to the method of Suhrawardiyya or Marufieh. Although some of his teachers were raised to be followers of the first tradition, his works indicate that he was s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baba Tahir
Baba Tahir or Baba Taher Oryan Hamadani ( fa, باباطاهر عریان همدانی) was an 11th-century Persian dervish poet from Hamadan, Iran who lived during the reign of Tugril of the Seljuk dynasty over Iran. This is almost all that is known of him as he lived a mysterious lifestyle. Although prefix "Baba" (roughly meaning 'The Wise' or 'The Respected') has been thought as part of his name in all known sources, his nickname "Oryan" ( meaning 'The Naked' ) did not appear until about 17th-century. The nickname was probably attributed to him because he seemed to lead a very spiritual and stoic lifestyle and thus was figuratively not clothed with worldly and material needs. His poetry is written in the Hamadani dialect of the Persian language. According to L. P. Elwell-Sutton he probably wrote in the Hamadani dialect, adding: "Most traditional sources call it loosely Luri, while the name commonly applied from an early date to verses of this kind, Fahlaviyat, presumably impli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parthia
Parthia ( peo, 𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 ''Parθava''; xpr, 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅 ''Parθaw''; pal, 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 ''Pahlaw'') is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran. It was conquered and subjugated by the empire of the Medes during the 7th century BC, was incorporated into the subsequent Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC, and formed part of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire following the 4th-century-BC conquests of Alexander the Great. The region later served as the political and cultural base of the Eastern Iranian Parni people and Arsacid dynasty, rulers of the Parthian Empire (247 BC – 224 AD). The Sasanian Empire, the last state of pre-Islamic Iran, also held the region and maintained the seven Parthian clans as part of their feudal aristocracy. Name The name "Parthia" is a continuation from Latin ', from Old Persian ', which was the Parthian language self-designator signifying "of the Parthians" who were an Iranian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Median Language
The Median language (also Medean or Medic) was the language of the Medes. It is an Old Iranian language and classified as belonging to the Northwestern Iranian subfamily, which includes many other languages such as Old Azeri, Gilaki, Mazandarani, Zaza–Gorani, Kurdish, and Baluchi. Attestation Median is attested only by numerous loanwords in Old Persian. Nothing is known of its grammar, "but it shares important phonological isoglosses with Avestan, rather than Old Persian. Under the Median rule . . . Median must to some extent have been the official Iranian language in western Iran". No documents dating to Median times have been preserved, and it is not known what script these texts might have been in. "So far only one inscription of pre-Achaemenid times (a bronze plaque) has been found on the territory of Media. This is a cuneiform inscription composed in Akkadian, perhaps in the 8th century BCE, but no Median names are mentioned in it." Identity A distinction from other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Awhadi Maraghai
Awhadi Maraghei (also spelled Auhadi; fa, اوحدی مراغهای) (1274/75–1338) was a Persian Sufi poet primarily based in Azerbaijan during the rule of the Mongol Ilkhanate. He is usually surnamed "Maraghai", but also mentioned as Awhadi Esfahani because his father hailed from Isfahan and he himself spent part of his life there. He first chose the pen-name Safi, but changed it to Awhadi after becoming a devotee of the school of the famous mystic Awhad al-Din Kermani. Life His full name was Awhad al-Din (or Rukn al-Din) ibn Husayn Isfahani. According to a verse in his ''Mathnawi-yi Jam-i jam'', Awhadi was born in the city of Isfahan in . He most likely lived there until his later teens. At the start of the 1290s, Awhadi went on a long trip, visiting various places, such as Basra, Baghdad, Damascus, Sultaniyya, Karbala, Kufa, Najaf, Qum and Hamadan. He also briefly lived in Mecca. In , Awhadi permanently settled in Maragha, but would also regularly visit Tab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Iranian Languages
The Western Iranic languages are a branch of the Iranic languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC) and Median. Languages The traditional Northwestern branch is a convention for non-Southwestern languages, rather than a genetic group. The languages are as follows:Erik Anonby, Mortaza Taheri-Ardali & Amos Hayes (2019) ''The Atlas of the Languages of Iran (ALI)''. Iranian Studies 52A Working Classification/ref> Old Iranian period * Southwest: Old Persian†, etc. * Northwest: Median†, etc. Middle Iranian period * Southwest: Middle Persian†, etc * Northwest: Parthian†, etc. Modern period (Neo-Iranian) * Northwestern Iranian ** Balochi (incl. Koroshi) ** Caspian *** Gilaki (incl. Rudbari, Taleqani) *** Mazandarani (incl. Tabari, Shahmirzadi) *** Gorgani† ** Semnani *** Semnani *** Sangisari *** Lasgerdi- Sorkhei (incl. Aftari) ** Kurdic (acc. Anonby) *** Kurdish **** Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji) **** Central Kurdish (Sorani) **** Southe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sama (Sufism)
Sama ( tr, Sema, Persian, Urdu and ar, سَمَاع - ''samā‘un'') is a Sufi ceremony performed as part of the meditation and prayer practice dhikr. Sama means "listening", while dhikr means "remembrance".During, J., and R. Sellheim. "Sama" Encyclopedia of Islam, Second Edition. Ed. P. Bearman, T. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. Van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs. Brill Online, 2010. These performances often include singing, playing instruments, dancing, recitation of poetry and prayers, wearing symbolic attire, and other rituals. Sama is a particularly popular form of worship in Sufism. In 2008, UNESCO confirmed the " Mevlevi Sama Ceremony" of Turkey as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. Etymology The term sama stems from the root-verb meaning ''acceptance by tradition'', from which are derived the words سَمْع (''sam‘un'') and اِسْتِمَاع (''’istimā‘un'', listening), often paired with نَقْل (''naqlun'') and تَ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Humam-i Tabrizi
Humam-i Tabrizi ( fa, همام الدین تبریزی; 1238/39 – 1314/15), was a Persian Sufi poet of the Ilkhanate era. He was one of the most distinguished figures of his time due to his poetry, teachings, piety, and Sufi spirituality. Humam spent most of his life in the city of Tabriz, where he became an influential figure. He became close to the Juvayni family, who lent him political and cultural protection, and helped him establish a ''khanqah'' (Sufi lodge) in Tabriz. Following the execution of his Juvayni patron Shams al-Din Juvayni in 1284, Humam managed to find support amongst other political figures, such as Rashid al-Din Hamadani. Humam died at the age of 78, and was buried in the Sorkhab district of Tabriz. Most of his poetry was in the form of a ''ghazal'', and followed the same style and tone of that of his contemporary Saadi Shirazi. He also wrote two ''masnavis'' (poem in rhyming couplets), the ''Suhbat-nama'' and ''Kitab-i mathnaviyyat''. Biography Details re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Safi-ad-din Ardabili
Safi-ad-din Ardabili ( fa, شیخ صفیالدین اردبیلی ''Ṣāfī ad-Dīn Isḥāq Ardabīlī''; 1252/3 – 1334) was a poet, mystic, teacher and Sufi master. He was the son-in-law and spiritual heir of the Sufi master Zahed Gilani, whose order—the Zahediyeh—he reformed and renamed the Safaviyya, which he led from 1301 to 1334. Safi was the eponymous ancestor of the Safavid dynasty, which ruled Iran from 1501 to 1736. Background Safi was born in 1252/3 in the town of Ardabil, located in Azerbaijan—a region corresponding to the northwestern part of Iran—then under Mongol rule. The town—a commercial centre during this period—was situated in a mountainous area, near the Caspian Sea. Safi's father was Amin al-Din Jibrail, while his mother was named Dawlati. The family was of Kurdish origin, and spoke Persian as their primary language. The life of Safi's father is obscure; Ibn Bazzaz, whose report is distorted, states that Amin al-Din Jibrail died when Saf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ayn Al-Quzat Hamadani
Ayn-al-Qużāt Hamadānī, also spelled Ain-al Quzat Hamedani or ʿAyn-al Qudat Hamadhani (1098–1131) ( fa, عین القضات همدانی), full name: Abu’l-maʿālī ʿabdallāh Bin Abībakr Mohammad Mayānejī ( fa, ابوالمعالی عبدالله بن ابیبکر محمد میانجی), was a Persian jurisconsult, mystic, philosopher, poet and mathematician who was executed at the age of 33. Title ''Ayn-al-Qużat'' in Arabic means "the pearl of the judges": ''Ayn'' means the eye, implying something very valuable, and ''Qozat'' is the plural of ''Qadi'', which means judge. Life He was born in Hamedan and his ancestors were of Hamedan judges. He was a disciple of Ahmad Ghazali and devoted of Hallaj. He became a famous scholar at early age, and by the time he was thirty he was chosen to be a judge. Along with Abu Hamed Al-Ghazali, he is one of the founders of doctrinal Sufism. According to some accounts, he was briefly a pupil of Omar Khayyam. Upon his return ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abd Al-Qadir Maraghi
Abd al-Qadir al-Maraghi b. Ghaybi ( fa, عبدالقادر مراغی, born middle of 14th – died 1435 AD), was a Persian musician and artist. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam, he "was the greatest of the Persian writers on music".Farmer, H.G. "Abd al- Qadir b. GHaybi al-Hafiz al-Maraghi." Encyclopaedia of Islam. Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2007. Brill Online. . quote:", the greatest of the Persian writers on music. Born at Marāg̲h̲a, about the middle of the 8th/14th century, he had become one of the minstrels of al-Ḥusayn, the Ḏj̲alāʾirid Sultan of ʿIrāḳ, about 781/1379." According to Kubilay Kolukırık, Al-Maraghi is regarded as a "very important musician whose name is frequently mentioned in the development process of Turkic music history". His works also played an important role in Arabian music. Life Abd al- Qadir b. GHaybi al-Hafiz al-Maraghi was born in Maragheh in about the middle of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
