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Factor (functional Analysis)
In mathematics, a von Neumann algebra or W*-algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. It is a special type of C*-algebra. Von Neumann algebras were originally introduced by John von Neumann, motivated by his study of single operators, group representations, ergodic theory and quantum mechanics. His double commutant theorem shows that the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries. Two basic examples of von Neumann algebras are as follows: *The ring L^\infty(\mathbb R) of essentially bounded measurable functions on the real line is a commutative von Neumann algebra, whose elements act as multiplication operators by pointwise multiplication on the Hilbert space L^2(\mathbb R) of square-integrable functions. *The algebra \mathcal B(\mathcal H) of all bounded operators on a Hilbert space \mathcal H is a von Neumann algebra, non ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics with the major subdisciplines of number theory, algebra, geometry, and analysis, respectively. There is no general consensus among mathematicians about a common definition for their academic discipline. Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature orin modern mathematicsentities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A ''proof'' consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, andin case of abstraction from naturesome basic properties that are considered true starting points of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Measurable Function
In mathematics and in particular measure theory, a measurable function is a function between the underlying sets of two measurable spaces that preserves the structure of the spaces: the preimage of any measurable set is measurable. This is in direct analogy to the definition that a continuous function between topological spaces preserves the topological structure: the preimage of any open set is open. In real analysis, measurable functions are used in the definition of the Lebesgue integral. In probability theory, a measurable function on a probability space is known as a random variable. Formal definition Let (X,\Sigma) and (Y,\Tau) be measurable spaces, meaning that X and Y are sets equipped with respective \sigma-algebras \Sigma and \Tau. A function f:X\to Y is said to be measurable if for every E\in \Tau the pre-image of E under f is in \Sigma; that is, for all E \in \Tau f^(E) := \ \in \Sigma. That is, \sigma (f)\subseteq\Sigma, where \sigma (f) is the σ-algebra gen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banach *-algebra
In mathematics, especially functional analysis, a Banach algebra, named after Stefan Banach, is an associative algebra A over the real or complex numbers (or over a non-Archimedean complete normed field) that at the same time is also a Banach space, that is, a normed space that is complete in the metric induced by the norm. The norm is required to satisfy \, x \, y\, \ \leq \, x\, \, \, y\, \quad \text x, y \in A. This ensures that the multiplication operation is continuous. A Banach algebra is called ''unital'' if it has an identity element for the multiplication whose norm is 1, and ''commutative'' if its multiplication is commutative. Any Banach algebra A (whether it has an identity element or not) can be embedded isometrically into a unital Banach algebra A_e so as to form a closed ideal of A_e. Often one assumes ''a priori'' that the algebra under consideration is unital: for one can develop much of the theory by considering A_e and then applying the outcome in the orig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Predual
In mathematics, the predual of an object ''D'' is an object ''P'' whose dual space is ''D''. For example, the predual of the space of bounded operators is the space of trace class In mathematics, specifically functional analysis, a trace-class operator is a linear operator for which a Trace (linear algebra), trace may be defined, such that the trace is a finite number independent of the choice of basis used to compute the tra ... operators, and the predual of the space ''L''∞(R) of essentially bounded functions on R is the Banach space ''L''1(R) of integrable functions.. Abstract algebra Functional analysis {{mathanalysis-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commutant
In mathematics, especially group theory, the centralizer (also called commutant) of a subset ''S'' in a group ''G'' is the set of elements \mathrm_G(S) of ''G'' such that each member g \in \mathrm_G(S) commutes with each element of ''S'', or equivalently, such that conjugation by g leaves each element of ''S'' fixed. The normalizer of ''S'' in ''G'' is the set of elements \mathrm_G(S) of ''G'' that satisfy the weaker condition of leaving the set S \subseteq G fixed under conjugation. The centralizer and normalizer of ''S'' are subgroups of ''G''. Many techniques in group theory are based on studying the centralizers and normalizers of suitable subsets ''S''. Suitably formulated, the definitions also apply to semigroups. In ring theory, the centralizer of a subset of a ring is defined with respect to the semigroup (multiplication) operation of the ring. The centralizer of a subset of a ring ''R'' is a subring of ''R''. This article also deals with centralizers and normalize ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Semigroup With Involution
In mathematics, particularly in abstract algebra, a semigroup with involution or a *-semigroup is a semigroup equipped with an involutive anti-automorphism, which—roughly speaking—brings it closer to a group because this involution, considered as unary operator, exhibits certain fundamental properties of the operation of taking the inverse in a group: uniqueness, double application "cancelling itself out", and the same interaction law with the binary operation as in the case of the group inverse. It is thus not a surprise that any group is a semigroup with involution. However, there are significant natural examples of semigroups with involution that are not groups. An example from linear algebra is the multiplicative monoid of real square matrices of order ''n'' (called the full linear monoid). The map which sends a matrix to its transpose is an involution because the transpose is well defined for any matrix and obeys the law , which has the same form of interaction with m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Norm Topology
In mathematics, the operator norm measures the "size" of certain linear operators by assigning each a real number called its . Formally, it is a norm defined on the space of bounded linear operators between two given normed vector spaces. Introduction and definition Given two normed vector spaces V and W (over the same base field, either the real numbers \R or the complex numbers \Complex), a linear map A : V \to W is continuous if and only if there exists a real number c such that \, Av\, \leq c \, v\, \quad \mbox v\in V. The norm on the left is the one in W and the norm on the right is the one in V. Intuitively, the continuous operator A never increases the length of any vector by more than a factor of c. Thus the image of a bounded set under a continuous operator is also bounded. Because of this property, the continuous linear operators are also known as bounded operators. In order to "measure the size" of A, one can take the infimum of the numbers c such that the above i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ultraweak Topology
In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the ultraweak topology, also called the weak-* topology, or weak-* operator topology or σ-weak topology, on the set ''B''(''H'') of bounded operators on a Hilbert space is the weak-* topology obtained from the predual ''B''*(''H'') of ''B''(''H''), the trace class operators on ''H''. In other words it is the weakest topology such that all elements of the predual are continuous (when considered as functions on ''B''(''H'')). Relation with the weak (operator) topology The ultraweak topology is similar to the weak operator topology. For example, on any norm-bounded set the weak operator and ultraweak topologies are the same, and in particular the unit ball is compact in both topologies. The ultraweak topology is stronger than the weak operator topology. One problem with the weak operator topology is that the dual of ''B''(''H'') with the weak operator topology is "too small". The ultraweak topology fixes this problem: the dual i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ultrastrong Topology
In functional analysis, the ultrastrong topology, or σ-strong topology, or strongest topology on the set ''B(H)'' of bounded operators on a Hilbert space is the topology defined by the family of seminorms p_\omega(x) = \omega(x^ x)^ for positive elements \omega of the predual L_(H) that consists of trace class operators. It was introduced by John von Neumann in 1936. Relation with the strong (operator) topology The ultrastrong topology is similar to the strong (operator) topology. For example, on any norm-bounded set the strong operator and ultrastrong topologies are the same. The ultrastrong topology is stronger than the strong operator topology. One problem with the strong operator topology is that the dual of ''B(H)'' with the strong operator topology is "too small". The ultrastrong topology fixes this problem: the dual is the full predual ''B*(H)'' of all trace class operators. In general the ultrastrong topology is better than the strong operator topology, but is mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strong Operator Topology
In functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the strong operator topology, often abbreviated SOT, is the locally convex topology on the set of bounded operators on a Hilbert space ''H'' induced by the seminorms of the form T\mapsto\, Tx\, , as ''x'' varies in ''H''. Equivalently, it is the coarsest topology such that, for each fixed ''x'' in ''H'', the evaluation map T\mapsto Tx (taking values in ''H'') is continuous in T. The equivalence of these two definitions can be seen by observing that a subbase for both topologies is given by the sets U(T_0,x,\epsilon) = \ (where ''T0'' is any bounded operator on ''H'', ''x'' is any vector and ε is any positive real number). In concrete terms, this means that T_i\to T in the strong operator topology if and only if \, T_ix-Tx\, \to 0 for each ''x'' in ''H''. The SOT is stronger than the weak operator topology and weaker than the norm topology. The SOT lacks some of the nicer properties that the weak operator topology has, but being ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Operator Topology
In the mathematical field of functional analysis there are several standard topologies which are given to the algebra of bounded linear operators on a Banach space . Introduction Let (T_n)_ be a sequence of linear operators on the Banach space . Consider the statement that (T_n)_ converges to some operator on . This could have several different meanings: * If \, T_n - T\, \to 0, that is, the operator norm of T_n - T (the supremum of \, T_n x - T x \, _X, where ranges over the unit ball in ) converges to 0, we say that T_n \to T in the uniform operator topology. * If T_n x \to Tx for all x \in X, then we say T_n \to T in the strong operator topology. * Finally, suppose that for all we have T_n x \to Tx in the weak topology of . This means that F(T_n x) \to F(T x) for all linear functionals on . In this case we say that T_n \to T in the weak operator topology. List of topologies on B(''H'') There are many topologies that can be defined on besides the ones used above; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francis Joseph Murray
Francis Joseph Murray (February 3, 1911 – March 15, 1996) was a mathematician, known for his foundational work (with John von Neumann) on functional analysis, and what subsequently became known as von Neumann algebras. He received his BA from Columbia College in 1932 and PhD from Columbia University in 1936. He taught at Duke University. In 1967 he was awarded the Outstanding Civilian Service Medal by the U. S. Army. Selected publications * 1936 (with J. von Neumann),On rings of operators" ''Ann. of Math''. 2(37): 116–229. The original paper on von Neumann algebra In mathematics, a von Neumann algebra or W*-algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. It is a special type of C*-algebra. Von Neumann algeb ...s. * 1937 (with J. von Neumann),On rings of operators II" ''Trans. Amer. Math. Soc''. 41: 208–248. * 1943 (with J. von Neumann),On rings of operators IV" ''Ann. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
