Fundamental Group Torus2
Fundamental may refer to: * Foundation of reality * Fundamental frequency, as in music or phonetics, often referred to as simply a "fundamental" * Fundamentalism, the belief in, and usually the strict adherence to, the simple or "fundamental" ideas based on faith in a system of thought * ''The Fundamentals'', a set of books important to Christian fundamentalism * Any of a number of fundamental theorems identified in mathematics, such as: ** Fundamental theorem of algebra, awe theorem regarding the factorization of polynomials ** Fundamental theorem of arithmetic, a theorem regarding prime factorization * Fundamental analysis, the process of reviewing and analyzing a company's financial statements to make better economic decisions Music * Fun-Da-Mental, a rap group * Fundamental (Bonnie Raitt album), ''Fundamental'' (Bonnie Raitt album), 1998 * Fundamental (Pet Shop Boys album), ''Fundamental'' (Pet Shop Boys album) * Fundamental (Puya album), ''Fundamental'' (Puya album), 1999 * ...
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Reality
Reality is the sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent within a system, as opposed to that which is only imaginary. The term is also used to refer to the ontological status of things, indicating their existence. In physical terms, reality is the totality of a system, known and unknown. Philosophical questions about the nature of reality or existence or being are considered under the rubric of ontology, which is a major branch of metaphysics in the Western philosophical tradition. Ontological questions also feature in diverse branches of philosophy, including the philosophy of science, philosophy of religion, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophical logic. These include questions about whether only physical objects are real (i.e., physicalism), whether reality is fundamentally immaterial (e.g. idealism), whether hypothetical unobservable entities posited by scientific theories exist, whether a 'God' exists, whether numbers and other abstract objects exist, and ...
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Fundamental (Puya Album)
''Fundamental'' is the second studio album by Puerto Rican progressive metal band Puya. Released in 1999, it is their first release on an international label ( MCA). Style The musical style of ''Fundamental'' encompasses genres such as thrash metal, punk rock, salsa and jazz, as well as alternative rock and rap. The album has also been classified as progressive metal. Track listing All songs by Ramon Ortiz and Harold Hopkins Miranda Harold Hopkins Miranda (born 1971 in San Juan, Puerto Rico is a Puerto Rican bass player, composer, director and founder of the progressive metal band Puya. Hopkins Miranda is largely responsible for creating Puya's style, a fusion of jazz, sals .... #"Oasis" – 3:45 #"Fake" – 4:08 #"Fundamental" – 4:04 #"Montate" – 3:46 #"Whatever" – 4:06 #"Retro" – 4:52 #"Keep It Simple" – 5:00 #"Sal Pa' Fuera" – 3:35 #"Remora" – 2:04 #"Trinidad" – 3:03 #"Solo" – 5:02 #"No Inventes" – 3:28 Bonus tracks #"Mire Niño" – 5:45 #"Ventana ...
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Fundamental Parallelogram (other)
Fundamental parallelogram may mean: * Fundamental pair of periods In mathematics, a fundamental pair of periods is an ordered pair of complex numbers that define a lattice in the complex plane. This type of lattice is the underlying object with which elliptic functions and modular forms are defined. Definition ... on the complex plane * Primitive cell on the Euclidean plane {{mathdab ...
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Fundamental Matrix (other)
Fundamental matrix may refer to: * Fundamental matrix (computer vision) * Fundamental matrix (linear differential equation) In mathematics, a fundamental matrix of a system of ''n'' homogeneous linear ordinary differential equations \dot(t) = A(t) \mathbf(t) is a matrix-valued function \Psi(t) whose columns are linearly independent solutions of the system. Then ev ... * Fundamental matrix (absorbing Markov chain) {{Disambiguation ...
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Fundamental Law (other)
Fundamental law(s) may refer to: * Organic law, in particular, ** Constitution, in particular, *** The Russian Constitution of 1906 *** The German Grundgesetz (more commonly translated as "Basic Law") *** The four individual laws that together make up the Constitution of Sweden *** The Fundamental Laws of England *** The Fundamental Law of Vatican City State *** The Fundamental Law of Hungary ** The Basic Laws of a country which does not use the term "constitution", or has an uncodified constitution * The fundamental physical laws of the universe * In Abrahmic religions, The Ten Commandments The Ten Commandments (Biblical Hebrew עשרת הדברים \ עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדְּבָרִים, ''aséret ha-dvarím'', lit. The Decalogue, The Ten Words, cf. Mishnaic Hebrew עשרת הדיברות \ עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְ� ...

Fundamental Constant (other)
In physics, the term fundamental constant may refer to: * Any physical constant which is part of an equation that expresses a fundamental physical law * One of the fundamental dimensionless physical constant In physics, a dimensionless physical constant is a physical constant that is dimensionless, i.e. a pure number having no units attached and having a numerical value that is independent of whatever system of units may be used. For example, if one c ...

Fundamental Articles (other)
Fundamental Articles may refer to: *Fundamental articles (theology), a concept in Protestant theology *Fundamental Articles of 1871 The Fundamental Articles of 1871 (german: Fundamentalartikel, cz, Fundamentálky) were a set of proposed changes to the Austro-Hungarian constitution regarding the status of the Bohemian Crownlands. Their rejection was largely responsible for the ...

Fundamentals (Arrow)
The sixth season of the American television series ''Arrow'' premiered on The CW on October 12, 2017, and concluded on May 17, 2018, with a total of 23 episodes. The series is based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow, a costumed crime-fighter created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp, and is set in the Arrowverse, sharing continuity with other Arrowverse television series. The showrunners for this season were Marc Guggenheim and Wendy Mericle. Stephen Amell stars as Oliver Queen, with principal cast members David Ramsey as John Diggle, Willa Holland as Thea Queen, Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak, Echo Kellum as Curtis Holt and Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance also returning from previous seasons. Katie Cassidy, a principal cast member from seasons one to four and a guest actor for season five, was reinstated as a series regular for the sixth season as Laurel Lance / Black Siren. They are joined by Rick Gonzalez as Rene Ramirez and Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake, who ...
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The Fundamentals (album)
''The Fundamentals'' is the eleventh studio album by American rapper Juvenile. The album was released on February 18, 2014, by Rap-A-Lot Records. Critical response ''The Fundamentals'' was met with mixed reviews from music critics. Steven Goldstein of HipHopDX gave the album two out of five stars, saying "Even with the new attention it’s receiving, ''The Fundamentals'' is forgettable at best." Max Goldberg of '' XXL'' gave the album an M, saying "Ultimately, the album’s title feels ironic. ''The Fundamentals'' struggles because Juvenile failed to tap into the skills that made him so exciting back in the day." David Jeffries of AllMusic AllMusic (previously known as All Music Guide and AMG) is an American online music database. It catalogs more than three million album entries and 30 million tracks, as well as information on musicians and bands. Initiated in 1991, the databas ... gave the album three out of four stars, saying "With enough hooks to fill a bait shop, Juv ...
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Fundamental (Mental As Anything Album)
''Fundamental'' or ''Fundamental As Anything'' is the fifth studio album released by Australian rock/ pop group, Mental As Anything. The album was produced by Richard Gottehrer and was released on Regular Records in March 1985. It peaked at #3 on the Australian Kent Music Report albums charts. Recording The band had intended to use Gary Langan as producer as they admired his work with Art of Noise and were happy with the "wild" album he had planned. O'Doherty said, "He took on too much at the time and he got zonked out at all the stress and he pulled out something like five days before he was meant to be on the plane." The replacement was Richard Gottehrer, but they had to wait for a gap in his schedule, delaying the recording. O'Doherty said, "It’s too long because we’ve got four songwriters in the band and we ended up with over 30 songs demoed for Fundamental, more than enough for two albums." Reception ''Cash Box magazine'' said "Another strong album from this powerhou ...
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Fundamental (Pet Shop Boys Album)
''Fundamental'' is the ninth studio album by English synth-pop duo Pet Shop Boys. It was released in May 2006 in the United Kingdom, Europe, Japan and Canada. It was released in late June 2006 in the United States. The album entered the UK Albums Chart The Official Albums Chart is a list of albums ranked by physical and digital sales and (from March 2015) audio streaming in the United Kingdom. It was published for the first time on 22 July 1956 and is compiled every week by the Official Charts C ... at number five on 28 May 2006. In the US the album peaked at number 150 selling 7,500 copies in its first week. As of April 2009 it had sold 46,000 copies in the US and 66,000 copies in the UK. ''Fundamental'' earned two Grammy nominations at the 2007 Grammy Awards for Best Dance/Electronic Album and Best Dance Recording with "I'm with Stupid". The album was produced by the Pet Shop Boys and Trevor Horn and it features eleven new Pet Shop Boys compositions, and "Numb", written by ...
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Fundamental Frequency
The fundamental frequency, often referred to simply as the ''fundamental'', is defined as the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform. In music, the fundamental is the musical pitch of a note that is perceived as the lowest partial present. In terms of a superposition of sinusoids, the fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency sinusoidal in the sum of harmonically related frequencies, or the frequency of the difference between adjacent frequencies. In some contexts, the fundamental is usually abbreviated as 0, indicating the lowest frequency counting from zero. In other contexts, it is more common to abbreviate it as 1, the first harmonic. (The second harmonic is then 2 = 2⋅1, etc. In this context, the zeroth harmonic would be 0  Hz.) According to Benward's and Saker's ''Music: In Theory and Practice'': Explanation All sinusoidal and many non-sinusoidal waveforms repeat exactly over time – they are periodic. The period of a waveform is the smallest value of ...
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