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Fonticula
''Fonticula'' is a genus of cellular slime mold which forms a fruiting body in a volcano shape. As long ago as 1979 it has been known to not have a close relationship with either the Dictyosteliida or the Acrasidae, the two well-established groups of cellular slime molds. In 1979, ''Fonticula'' was made a new genus of its own due to the unique characteristics of its fruiting body, with only one species: ''Fonticula alba''. The life cycle of ''Fonticula alba'' alternates between an amoeboid vegetative stage and aggregative fruiting stage. The fruiting body of the genus has a unique shape, as its sorocarp resembles a volcano and sorus looks like a ball of hot lava emerging from that volcano. Molecular phylogenies have found alignments in genes of ''Fonticula alba'' to subgroups in Opisthokonta. A 2009 study has found that ''Fonticula'' is the sister taxa to ''Nuclearia'', thus making it related to the kingdom Fungi. ''Fonticula'', ''Nuclearia'', and Fungi have been united into ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Slime Mold
Slime mold or slime mould is an informal name given to several kinds of unrelated eukaryotic organisms with a life cycle that includes a free-living single-celled stage and the formation of spores. Spores are often produced in macroscopic multicellular or multinucleate fruiting bodies which may be formed through aggregation or fusion. Slime molds were formerly classified as fungi but are no longer considered part of that kingdom. Although not forming a single monophyletic clade, they are grouped within the paraphyletic group Protista. More than 900 species of slime mold occur globally. Their common name refers to part of some of these organisms' life cycles where they can appear as gelatinous "slime". This is mostly seen with the Myxogastria, which are the only macroscopic slime molds. Most slime molds are smaller than a few centimetres, but some species may reach sizes up to several square metres and masses up to 20 kilograms. They feed on microorganisms that live in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cristidiscoidea
Cristidiscoidea or Nucleariae is a proposed basal holomycota clade in which Fonticula and Nucleariida emerged, as sister of the fungi. Since it is close to the divergence between the main lineages of fungi and animals, the study of Cristidiscoidea can provide crucial information on the divergent lifestyles of these groups and the evolution of opisthokonts and slime mold multicellularity. The holomycota tree is following Tedersoo et al. Classification * Class Cristidiscoidea Cavalier-Smith 1998 ** Order Fonticulida Cavalier-Smith 1993 *** Family Fonticulidae Worley, Raper & Hohl 1979 **** Genus ''Fonticula'' Worley, Raper & Hohl 1979 **** Genus '' Parvularia'' López-Escardó 2017 ***** Species '' P. atlantis'' López-Escardó 2017 ** Order Nucleariida Cavalier-Smith 1993 *** Family Nucleariidae Cann & Page 1979 **** Genus ''Nuclearia ''Nuclearia'' is a nucleariid Nucleariida is a group of amoebae with filose pseudopods, known mostly from soils and freshwater. They ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holomycota
Holomycota or Nucletmycea are a basal Opisthokont clade as sister of the Holozoa. It consists of the Cristidiscoidea and the kingdom Fungi. The position of nucleariids, unicellular free-living phagotrophic amoebae, as the earliest lineage of Holomycota suggests that animals and fungi independently acquired complex multicellularity from a common unicellular ancestor and that the osmotrophic lifestyle (one of the fungal hallmarks) was originated later in the divergence of this eukaryotic lineage. Opisthosporidians is a recently proposed taxonomic group that includes aphelids, Microsporidia and Cryptomycota, three groups of endoparasites. ''Rozella'' ( Cryptomycota) is the earliest diverging fungal genus in which chitin has been observed at least in some stages of their life cycle, although the chitinous cell wall (another fungal hallmark) and osmotrophy originated in a common ancestor of Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota, which still contain some ancestral characteristics suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fungi
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from the other eukaryotic kingdoms, which by one traditional classification include Plantae, Animalia, Protozoa, and Chromista. A characteristic that places fungi in a different kingdom from plants, bacteria, and some protists is chitin in their cell walls. Fungi, like animals, are heterotrophs; they acquire their food by absorbing dissolved molecules, typically by secreting digestive enzymes into their environment. Fungi do not photosynthesize. Growth is their means of mobility, except for spores (a few of which are flagellated), which may travel through the air or water. Fungi are the principal decomposers in ecological systems. These and other differences place fungi in a single group of related organisms, named the ''Eumycota'' (''t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eukaryota
Eukaryotes () are organisms whose Cell (biology), cells have a cell nucleus, nucleus. All animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms, are Eukaryotes. They belong to the group of organisms Eukaryota or Eukarya, which is one of the Three-domain system, three domains of life. Bacteria and Archaea (both prokaryotes) make up the other two domains. The eukaryotes are usually now regarded as having emerged in the Archaea or as a sister of the Asgard (archaea), Asgard archaea. This implies that there are only Two-domain system, two domains of life, Bacteria and Archaea, with eukaryotes incorporated among archaea. Eukaryotes represent a small minority of the number of organisms, but, due to their generally much larger size, their collective global biomass (ecology), biomass is estimated to be about equal to that of prokaryotes. Eukaryotes emerged approximately 2.3–1.8 billion years ago, during the Proterozoic eon, likely as Flagellated cell, flagellated phagotrophs. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acrasidae
The family Acrasidae ( ICZN, or Acrasiomycota, ICBN) is a family of slime molds which belongs to the excavate group Percolozoa. The name element - comes from the Greek ''akrasia'', meaning "acting against one's judgement". This group consists of cellular slime molds. Some would also consider it as a kingdom unto itself, but the debate is as yet unsettled. The terms "Acrasiomycota" or "Acrasiomycetes" have been used when the group was classified as a fungus ("-mycota"). In some classifications, ''Dictyostelium'' was placed in Acrasiomycetes, an artificial group of cellular slime molds, which was characterized by the aggregation of individual amoebae into a multicellular fruiting body, making it an important factor that related the acrasids to the dictyostelids. Reproduction When resources such as water or food become limiting, the amoeba will release pheromones such as acrasin to aggregate amoebal cells in preparation for movement as a large (thousands of cells) grex or pse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sorocarp
A sorocarp (from the Greek word ''soros'' "a heap" + ''karpos'' "fruit") is the fruiting body characteristic of certain cellular slime moulds (e.g., Dictyosteliida). Each sorocarp consists of both a sorophore (stalk) and a sorus.Lawrence, E. 2005. Henderson's Dictionary of Biology, 13th Ed. Prentice Hall, London Sorocarps release spore In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, f ...s. References Mycetozoa {{microbiology-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuclearia
''Nuclearia'' is a nucleariid Nucleariida is a group of amoebae with filose pseudopods, known mostly from soils and freshwater. They are distinguished from the superficially similar vampyrellids mainly by having mitochondria with discoid cristae, in the absence of superfi ... genus. Species include: * Species ?'' Astrodisculus affinis'' Schouteden 1905 * Species ?'' Astrodisculus araneiformis'' Schewiakoff 1893 * Species ?'' Astrodisculus laciniatus'' Penard 1904 'Chlamydaster lacinatus'' (Penard 1904) Rainer 1968* Species ?'' Astrodisculus marinus'' Kufferath 1952 * Species ?'' Astrodisculus minutus'' Greeff 1869 * Species ?'' Heliophrys variabilis'' * Species ?'' Nuclearina similis'' * Species ?'' N. amphizonellae'' Penard 1917 * Species ?'' N. conspicua'' West 1903 * Species ?'' N. delicatula'' Cienkowsky 1865 * Species ?'' N. lohmanni'' Kufferath 1952 * Species ?'' N. pseudotenelloides'' * Species '' N. flavescens'' (Greef 1869) Patterson 1984 'Astrodisculus flavescen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holozoa
Holozoa is a group of organisms that includes animals and their closest single-celled relatives, but excludes fungi. ''Holozoa'' is also an old name for the tunicate genus ''Distaplia''.'' Because Holozoa is a clade including all organisms more closely related to animals than to fungi, some authors prefer it to recognizing paraphyletic groups that mostly consists of Holozoa minus animals. Perhaps the best-known holozoans, apart from animals, are the choanoflagellates, which strongly resemble the collar cells of sponges, and so were theorized to be related to sponges even in the 19th century. ''Proterospongia'' is an example of a colonial choanoflagellate that may shed light on the origin of sponges. The affinities of the other single-celled holozoans only began to be recognized in the 1990s. The sub-classification Ichthyosporea or Mesomycetozoea contains a number of mostly parasitic species. The amoeboid genera ''Ministeria'' and ''Capsaspora'' may be united in a group call ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
