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Eupnoi
The Eupnoi are a suborder of harvestmen, with more than 200 genera, and about 1,700 described species. They consist of two superfamilies, the Phalangioidea with many long-legged species common to northern temperate regions, and the small group Caddoidea, which have prominent eyes and spiny pedipalps. (2007): Morphology and Functional Anatomy. In: Pinto-da-Rocha ''et al.'' 2007: 17f Examples of this suborder include ''Hadrobunus grandis'' (Sclerosomatidae), ''Phalangium opilio'' and ''Dicranopalpus ramosus'' (Phalangiidae). Distribution Caddoidea are mostly found in temperate zones of both hemispheres; however, they are known from the Palearctic only from Japan, and from Baltic amber (about 40 million years old). One species known from Japan is also found in North America, where several more species are found. Other species occur in Southern South America, Venezuela, New Zealand and Australia. Neopilionidae show a Gondwanan distribution, with species found in South America, Sout ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harvestmen
The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. , over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of extant species may exceed 10,000. The order Opiliones includes five suborders: Cyphophthalmi, Eupnoi, Dyspnoi, Laniatores, and Tetrophthalmi, which were named in 2014. Representatives of each extant suborder can be found on all continents except Antarctica. Well-preserved fossils have been found in the 400-million-year-old Rhynie cherts of Scotland, and 305-million-year-old rocks in France. These fossils look surprisingly modern, indicating that their basic body shape developed very early on, and, at least in some taxa, has changed little since that time. Their phylogenetic position within the Arachnida is disputed; their closest relatives may be the mites (Acari) or the Novogenuata (the Scorpiones, Pseudoscorpiones, and Solifugae). Altho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caddoidea
Caddidae is a family of harvestmen arachnids with 15 known species, the only family of the Eupnoi superfamily Caddoidea. They have mostly a body length between one and three millimeters. (2007): Caddidae Banks, 1893. In: Pinto-da-Rocha ''et al..'' 2007: 115ff Distribution Caddids are widely but discontinuously distributed. In the subfamily Caddinae, ''Caddella'' is endemic to southern South Africa, while ''Caddo'' is found in eastern North America and Japan with the Kuril Islands. In the other subfamily, Acropsopilioninae, ''Hesperopilio'' occurs in western Australia and Chile, ''Acropsopilio'' is found in Japan, eastern North America, Central to South America, eastern Australia and New Zealand. ''Austropsopilio'' is found in eastern Australia, Tasmania and Chile. This complex pattern suggests that separation occurred in several steps: during the Neogene (eastern North America and Japan); at the beginning or before the Tertiary (South America and Australia), and during the time o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caddidae
Caddidae is a family of harvestmen arachnids with 15 known species, the only family of the Eupnoi superfamily Caddoidea. They have mostly a body length between one and three millimeters. (2007): Caddidae Banks, 1893. In: Pinto-da-Rocha ''et al..'' 2007: 115ff Distribution Caddids are widely but discontinuously distributed. In the subfamily Caddinae, ''Caddella'' is endemic to southern South Africa, while ''Caddo'' is found in eastern North America and Japan with the Kuril Islands. In the other subfamily, Acropsopilioninae, ''Hesperopilio'' occurs in western Australia and Chile, ''Acropsopilio'' is found in Japan, eastern North America, Central to South America, eastern Australia and New Zealand. ''Austropsopilio'' is found in eastern Australia, Tasmania and Chile. This complex pattern suggests that separation occurred in several steps: during the Neogene (eastern North America and Japan); at the beginning or before the Tertiary (South America and Australia), and during the ti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phalangioidea
Phalangioidea is a superfamily of the harvestman suborder Eupnoi with five recognized families and more than 1,500 species. It is not to be confused with the similar spelled subfamily Phalangodoidea, which is also a harvestman superfamily, but within the suborder Laniatores. Families * Monoscutidae (5 genera, 32 species) * Neopilionidae (8 genera, 15 species) * Sclerosomatidae (148 genera, 1273 species) * Stygophalangiidae (1 species: ''Stygophalangium karamani'' Oudemans, 1933) (former Yugoslavia) * Phalangiidae The Phalangiidae are a family of harvestmen with about 380 known species. The best known is ''Phalangium opilio''. ''Dicranopalpus ramosus'' is an invasive species in Europe. It is not to be confused with the harvestman family Phalangodidae, wh ... (49 genera, 381 species) * Protolophidae (1 genus '' Protolophus'') Banks, 1893 Harvestmen Arachnid superfamilies {{Opiliones-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sclerosomatidae
The Sclerosomatidae are a family of harvestmen with about 1,300 known species. Name The name is combined from Ancient Greek ''skleros'' "hard" and ''soma'' "body". (2007): Sclerosomatidae. Simon, 1879. In: Pinto-da-Rocha ''et al.'' 2007: 127ff Genera * Gagrellinae Thorell, 1889 :* ''Abaetetuba'' Tourinho-Davis, 2004 (5 species) :* '' Adungrella'' Roewer, 1955 (3 species) :* '' Akalpia'' Roewer, 1915 (2 species; India and Japan) :* '' Altobunus'' Roewer, 1910 (3 species; Celebes and Philippines) :* '' Amazonesia'' Soares, 1970 (2 species) :* '' Antigrella'' Roewer, 1954 (1 species) :* '' Aurivilliola'' Roewer, 1910 (17 species; South and Southeast Asia) :* '' Azucarella'' Roewer, 1959 (1 species) :* '' Bakerinulus'' Roewer, 1955 (1 species) :* '' Bastia'' Roewer, 1910 (3 species; South and Southeast Asia) :* '' Bastioides'' Mello-Leitão, 1931 (1 species; South America) :* '' Baturitia'' Roewer, 1931 (1 species; Sunda Islands) :* '' Biceropsis'' Roewer, 1935 (1 species; Burma) : ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neopilionidae
The Neopilionidae are a family of harvestmen. It has a clearly Gondwanan distribution, with species found in Australia, South Africa and South America, and probably represent relicts of that time. The family members range in size from the small ''Americovibone lancafrancoae'' (0.9 mm) to over 4 mm in the Enantiobuninae. (2007): Neopilionidae Lawrence, 1931. In: Pinto-da-Rocha ''et al.'' 2007: 121ff Some species of Enantiobuninae have blue pigmentation, which is rather unusual in harvestmen. Name The family name is a contraction of Ancient Greek ''neo'' "new" and Latin '' Opilio'', a genus of harvestman. Subdivisions According to the Catalogue of Life, Neopilionidae includes three subfamilies, which contain a total of 19 genera and 78 species. * Ballarrinae Hunt & Cokendolpher, 1991 ** '' Americovibone'' Hunt & Cokendolpher, 1991 ** '' Arrallaba'' Hunt & Cokendolpher, 1991 ** '' Ballarra'' Hunt & Cokendolpher, 1991 ** '' Plesioballarra'' Hunt & Cokendolpher, 1991 ** ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dicranopalpus Ramosus
''Dicranopalpus ramosus'' is a species of harvestman. Males are up to 4 mm long, females can reach up to 6 mm. Both sexes have very long legs (especially the second pair can reach up to 5 cm), with a distinct elongated apophysis that reaches almost to the end of the tibia. This makes their pedipalps look forked. Their body is brownish with dark markings, the females being lighter colored. The forked pedipalps and the resting posture, with the legs stretched to the sides, makes this species easy to identify, although the traditional method of collecting invertebrates does not prove adequate: of 103 individuals captured in Belgium, only one was found in a pitfall; all others were collected by hand. Adults can be found from August to November, mostly in gardens and on outer walls, but sometimes also inside. Distribution Originally the species was found in Morocco. Later it spread into Europe, with first reports in Portugal (1948), where it spread to Spain (1965) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monoscutidae
The Monoscutidae are a family of harvestmen with 32 known species that all occur in or near Australia and New Zealand. Species range in body length from two to three millimeters (Monoscutinae) and three to ten mm (Megalopsalidinae). The chelicerae are enormously enlarged in males of the subfamily Megalopsalidinae. Most species are coloured in shades of browns to black. ''Megalopsalis inconstans'' is jet black with bright orange patches on the carapace; ''Acihasta salebrosa'' is tan and brown with many white and gold specks over the dorsum. (2007): Monoscutidae Forster, 1948. In: Pinto-da-Rocha ''et al.'' 2007: 119ff The Monoscutidae are closely related to the Neopilionidae, which also occur in the Southern hemisphere. Species * Megalopsalidinae Forster, 1949 :* '' Megalopsalis'' Roewer, 1923 ::* '' Megalopsalis serritarsus'' (Sørensen, 1886) (New South Wales; type species) ::* '' Megalopsalis chiltoni'' (Hogg, 1910) (New Zealand) :::* ''Megalopsalis chiltoni'' (Hogg, 1910) : ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alps
The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alpe . are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across seven Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia. The Alpine arch generally extends from Nice on the western Mediterranean to Trieste on the Adriatic and Vienna at the beginning of the Pannonian Basin. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French–Italian border, and at is the highest mountain in the Alps. The Alpine region area contains 128 peaks higher than . The altitude and size of the range affect the climate in Europe; in the mountains, precipitation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Laniatores
Laniatores is the largest suborder of the arachnid order Opiliones with over 4,000 described species worldwide. The majority of the species are highly dependent on humid environments and usually correlated with tropical and temperate forest habitats. Laniatores are typically (relatively) short-legged, hard-plated, spiny Opiliones, common under logs and stones, in leaf litter and in caves. They often have spiny pedipalps and paired or branched claws on the third and fourth pairs of legs.Pinto-da-Rocha ''et al.'' 2007: 17 The largest family is Gonyleptidae Sundevall, 1833, endemic of the Neotropics, with over 800 valid species and showing many cases of maternal and paternal care. Identification The dorsal scutum consists of a single piece, with the carapace or peltidium entirely fused with abdominal scutum. The pedipalpus is usually robust and armed with strong spines. The ovipositor is short and unsegmented (derived character state shared with the Dyspnoi). The penis is complex, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dyspnoi
Dyspnoi is a suborder of harvestmen, currently comprising 43 extant genera and 356 extant species, although more species are expected to be described in the future. The eight families are currently grouped into three superfamilies: the Acropsopilionoidea, Ischyropsalidioidea, and Troguloidea. Distribution The Dyspnoi are one of the most biogeographically conserved higher groups of harvestmen. With the exception of Acropsopilioidea, none occur in the Southern Hemisphere, and most families are restricted along temperate regions. The only exceptions are some Ortholasmatinae (Nemastomatidae) inhabiting the tropics on high mountains in Mexico (''Ortholasma bolivari'') and northern Thailand ('' Dendrolasma angka''). Systematics * Acropsopilionoidea **Acropsopilionidae (3 genera, 19 species) * Ischyropsalidoidea **Ischyropsalidoidea ''Incertae sedis'' ***'' Crosbycus dasycnemus'' ***'' Hesperonemastoma'' (5 species) **Ischyropsalididae *** Ceratolasmatinae (2 genera, 8 species) *** ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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