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Eugénie Cotton
Eugénie Cotton (13 October 1881 – 16 June 1967) was a French scientist, socialist, women's rights advocate and was active in the resistance. She was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize, Stalin Peace Prize in 1951, Legion of Honour, Knight of the Legion of Honor, and the World Peace Council prizes, Gold medal from the World Peace Council in 1961. She died at 85 in Sèvres, near Paris. Family life Cotton was born Eugénie Elise Céline Feytis in Soubise, Charente-Maritime, Soubise (Charente-Maritime). She enrolled at the École normale supérieure de jeunes filles (ENSJF) in Sèvres in 1901 where she became a pupil of Marie Curie, and met Pierre Curie and Paul Langevin. In 1904, she was first in the female competition of the aggregation of physical and natural sciences. After graduation, she taught at the college in Poitiers and then at the ENSJF. In 1913, she married fellow physicist Aimé Cotton (1869 - 1951) who was a professor at the Faculty of Science in Paris and at the École ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anna Cartan
Anna Cartan (15 May 1878 – 1923) was a French mathematician, teacher and textbook author who was a student of Marie Curie and Jules Tannery. Early years Cartan was the youngest child born to Anne Florentine Cottaz (1841–1927) and Joseph Antoine Cartan (1837–1917), who was the village blacksmith. Anna had an elder sister Jeanne-Marie (1867–1931) who became a dressmaker, a brother Léon (1872–1956) who became a blacksmith working in his father's smithy, and a middle brother Élie Cartan (1869–1951) who became an acclaimed mathematician and sire of a family of mathematicians, notably his first son, Henri Cartan, who later became influential in the field. Anna's brother, Élie Cartan, later recalled that the family was very poor and his childhood had passed under "blows of the anvil, which started every morning from dawn," and that "his mother, during those rare minutes when she was free from taking care of the children and the house, was working with a spinning whe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Poitiers
Poitiers (, , , ; Poitevin: ''Poetàe'') is a city on the River Clain in west-central France. It is a commune and the capital of the Vienne department and the historical centre of Poitou. In 2017 it had a population of 88,291. Its agglomeration has 130,853 inhabitants in 2016 and is the center of an urban area of 261,795 inhabitants. With more than 29,000 students, Poitiers has been a major university city since the creation of its university in 1431, having hosted René Descartes, Joachim du Bellay and François Rabelais, among others. A city of art and history, still known as "''Ville aux cent clochers''" the centre of town is picturesque and its streets include predominantly historical architecture and half-timbered houses, especially religious architecture, mostly from the Romanesque period ; including notably the Saint-Jean baptistery (4th century), the hypogeum of the Dunes (7th century), the Notre-Dame-la-Grande church (12th century), the Saint-Porchaire church (12th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bonneuil-sur-Marne
Bonneuil-sur-Marne (, literally ''Bonneuil on Marne'') is a commune in the Val-de-Marne department in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the center of Paris. Population Transport Bonneuil-sur-Marne is served by no station of the Paris Métro, RER, or suburban rail network. The closest station to Bonneuil-sur-Marne is Sucy – Bonneuil station on Paris RER line A. This station is located in the neighboring commune of Sucy-en-Brie, from the town center of Bonneuil-sur-Marne. Education Schools in the commune include:Ecoles, éducation " Bonneuil-sur-Marne. Retrieved on September 10, 2016. * 7 preschools (''maternelles''): Henri Arlès, Danielle Casanova 1, Danielle Casanova 2, Eugénie Cotton B1, Eugénie Cotton B2, Joliot Curie, Romain Ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vitry-sur-Seine
Vitry-sur-Seine () is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France, from the centre of Paris. Name Vitry-sur-Seine was originally called simply Vitry. The name Vitry comes from Medieval Latin ''Vitriacum'', and before that ''Victoriacum'', meaning "estate of Victorius", a Gallo-Roman landowner. In 1897 the name of the commune officially became Vitry-sur-Seine (meaning "Vitry upon Seine"), in order to distinguish it from other communes of France also called Vitry. Main sights * Musée d'Art Contemporain du Val-de-Marne Culture For some years, Vitry-sur-Seine operated a cultural policy of bringing art to all. For this reason, the commune contains over 100 contemporary sculptures, notably in establishments of public education (schools, secondary schools and High Schools). Vitry hosts the Musée d'Art Contemporain du Val-de-Marne (Val-de-Marne's Museum of Contemporary Art). Opened on 18 November 2005, this museum offers in addition to the workshops of plastic arts, an a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nanterre
Nanterre (, ) is the prefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine department in the western suburbs of Paris. It is located some northwest of the centre of Paris. In 2018, the commune had a population of 96,807. The eastern part of Nanterre, bordering the communes of Courbevoie and Puteaux, contains a small part of the La Défense business district of Paris and some of the tallest buildings in the Paris region. Because the headquarters of many major corporations are located in La Défense, the court of Nanterre is well known in the media for the number of high-profile lawsuits and trials that take place in it. The city of Nanterre also includes the Paris West University Nanterre La Défense, one of the largest universities in the Paris region. Name The name of Nanterre originated before the Roman conquest of Gaul. The Romans recorded the name as ''Nemetodorum''. It is composed of the Celtic word ''nemeto'' meaning "shrine" or "sacred place" and the Celtic word ''duron'' (neuter) "hard ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Champigny-sur-Marne
Champigny-sur-Marne (, literally ''Champigny on Marne'') is a commune in the southeastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located from the centre of Paris. Name Champigny-sur-Marne was originally called simply Champigny. The name Champigny ultimately comes from Medieval Latin ''Campaniacum'', meaning "estate of Campanius", a Gallo-Roman landowner. In 1897 the name of the commune officially became Champigny-sur-Marne (meaning "Champigny upon Marne"), in order to distinguish it from other communes of France also called Champigny. Demographics Immigration Transport Champigny-sur-Marne is served by Les Boullereaux – Champigny station on Paris RER line E. Champigny-sur-Marne is also served by Champigny station on Paris RER line A. This station, although administratively located on the territory of the neighboring commune of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, lies immediately across the river Marne from the town center of Champigny-sur-Marne and is thus used by people in Champigny. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rue Eugénie Cotton
''Ruta graveolens'', commonly known as rue, common rue or herb-of-grace, is a species of ''Ruta'' grown as an ornamental plant and herb. It is native to the Balkan Peninsula. It is grown throughout the world in gardens, especially for its bluish leaves, and sometimes for its tolerance of hot and dry soil conditions. It is also cultivated as a culinary herb, and to a lesser extent as an insect repellent and incense. Etymology The specific epithet ''graveolens'' refers to the strong-smelling leaves.J. D. Douglas and Merrill C. Tenney Description Rue is a woody, perennial shrub. Its leaves are oblong, blue green and arranged pinnate; they release a strong aroma when they are bruised. The flowers are small with 4 to 5 dull yellow petals in clusters. They bear brown seed capsules when pollinated. Uses Traditional use In the ancient Roman world, the naturalists Pedanius Dioscorides and Pliny the Elder recommended that rue be combined with the poisonous shrub oleander to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Women's International Democratic Federation
Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) is an international organization with the stated goal of working for women's rights. It was established in 1945 and was most active during the Cold War. It initially focussed on anti-fascism, world peace, child welfare and improving the status of women. During the Cold War era, it was described as Communist-leaning and pro-Soviet. International Day for Protection of Children, observed in many countries as Children's Day on June 1 since 1950, was established by the Federation at its November 1949 congress in Moscow. The WIDF published a monthly magazine, ''Women of the Whole World,'' in English, French, Spanish, German, and Russian, with occasional issues in Arabic. WIDF was founded in Paris in 1945, but it was later banned by French authorities and relocated to East Berlin, where it was supported by the East German government. Its first president was Eugenie Cotton, and its founding members included Tsola Dragoycheva and Ana Pauk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German-occupied Europe
German-occupied Europe refers to the sovereign countries of Europe which were wholly or partly occupied and civil-occupied (including puppet governments) by the military forces and the government of Nazi Germany at various times between 1939 and 1945, during and shortly before World War II, generally administered by the Nazi regime, under the dictatorship of Adolf Hitler.Encyclopædia Britannica German occupied Europe.World War II. Retrieved 1 September 2015 from the Internet Archive. The German Wehrmacht occupied European territory: * as far east as the town of Mozdok in the North Caucasus in the Soviet Union (1942–1943) * as far north as the settlement of Barentsburg in Svalbard in the Kingdom of Norway * as far south as the island of Gavdos in the Kingdom of Greece * as far west as the island of Ushant in the French Republic Outside of Europe proper, German forces effectively controlled areas of North Africa in Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia at times between 1941 and 1943. G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vichy France
Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its territory occupied under harsh terms of the armistice, it adopted a policy of collaboration with Nazi Germany, which occupied the northern and western portions before occupying the remainder of Metropolitan France in November 1942. Though Paris was ostensibly its capital, the collaborationist Vichy government established itself in the resort town of Vichy in the unoccupied "Free Zone" (), where it remained responsible for the civil administration of France as well as its colonies. The Third French Republic had begun the war in September 1939 on the side of the Allies. On 10 May 1940, it was invaded by Nazi Germany. The German Army rapidly broke through the Allied lines by bypassing the highly fortified Maginot Line and invading through ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. World War II was a total war that directly involved more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries. The major participants in the war threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. Aircraft played a major role in the conflict, enabling the strategic bombing of population centres and deploying the only two nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II was by far the deadliest conflict in human history; it resulted in 70 to 85 million fatalities, mostly among civilians. Tens of millions died due to genocides (including the Holocaust), starvation, ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fascism
Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultra-nationalist political ideology and movement,: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a (German: “people’s community”), in which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation" characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation and race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. Fascism rose to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, before spreading to other European countries, most notably Germany. Fascism also had adherents outside of Europe. Opposed to anarchism, democracy, pluralism, liberalism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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