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Etat Pied-Noir
État Pied-Noir refers to the claim made by certain Pied-Noir persons and organisations to sovereignty and nationhood. History The Pied-Noir are a people of European-origin born in French-occupied North Africa and, in particular, Algeria. They left en masse as French citizens following the end of the Algerian war, and settled mostly in the south of France. Although French citizens, the Pieds-Noirs were largely descended from Catalan, Italian, and Maltese settlers, as well as ethnic French. They have nevertheless remained for the most part fiercely loyal to France throughout the history of French Algeria and its aftermath. Provisional government The ''Gouvernement provisoire Pied-Noir en exil'' was created on 1 October 2016 in Montpellier by a small group of veteran Pied-Noir activists in response to what they saw as marginalization by successive French governments. A written constitution was formalised the following year in Nice. This document outlines the aims of peace an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pied-Noir
The ''Pieds-Noirs'' (; ; ''Pied-Noir''), are the people of French people, French and other White Africans of European ancestry, European descent who were born in Algeria during the French Algeria, period of French rule from 1830 to 1962; the vast majority of whom departed for Metropolitan France, mainland France as soon as Algeria gained independence or in the months following. From the French invasion on 18 June 1830 until its independence, Algeria was administratively part of France; its European population were simply called Algerians or ''colons'' (colonists), whereas the Muslim people of Algeria were called Arabs, Muslims or Indigenous peoples, Indigenous. The term ''"pied-noir"'' began to be commonly used shortly before the end of the Algerian War in 1962. As of the last census in French-ruled Algeria, taken on 1 June 1960, there were 1,050,000 non-Muslim civilians (mostly Roman Catholic Church, Catholic, but including 130,000 History of the Jews in Algeria, Algerian Jew ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Montpellier
Montpellier (, , ; oc, Montpelhièr ) is a city in southern France near the Mediterranean Sea. One of the largest urban centres in the region of Occitania (administrative region), Occitania, Montpellier is the prefecture of the Departments of France, department of Hérault. In 2018, 290,053 people lived in the city, while its Functional area (France), metropolitan area had a population of 787,705.Comparateur de territoire INSEE, retrieved 20 June 2022. The inhabitants are called Montpelliérains. In the Middle Ages, Montpellier was an important city of the Crown of Aragon (and was the birthplace of James I of Aragon, James I), and then of Kingdom of Majorca, Majorca, before its sale to France in 1349. Established in 1220, the University of Montpellier is one of the List of oldest univ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French People
The French people (french: Français) are an ethnic group and nation primarily located in Western Europe that share a common French culture, history, and language, identified with the country of France. The French people, especially the native speakers of langues d'oïl from northern and central France, are primarily the descendants of Gauls (including the Belgae) and Romans (or Gallo-Romans, western European Celtic and Italic peoples), as well as Germanic peoples such as the Franks, the Visigoths, the Suebi and the Burgundians who settled in Gaul from east of the Rhine after the fall of the Roman Empire, as well as various later waves of lower-level irregular migration that have continued to the present day. The Norse also settled in Normandy in the 10th century and contributed significantly to the ancestry of the Normans. Furthermore, regional ethnic minorities also exist within France that have distinct lineages, languages and cultures such as Bretons in Brittany, Occi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Italian Tunisians
Italian Tunisians (or Italians of Tunisia) are Tunisians of Italian descent. Migration and colonization, particularly during the 19th century, led to significant numbers of Italians settling in Tunisia. Italian presence in Tunisia The presence of a numerous community of Italians in Tunisia has ancient origins, but it is only from the first half of the 19th century that its economic and social weight became critical in many fields of the social life of the country. The Republic of Genoa owned the island of Tabarka near Biserta, where the Genoese family Lomellini, who had purchased the grant of the coral fishing from the Ottoman Turks, maintained a garrison from 1540 to 1742. Here may still be seen the ruins of a stronghold, a church and some Genoese buildings. At Tabarka the ruins consist of a pit once used as a church and some fragments of walls which belonged to Christian buildings. Italian Jews from Livorno created the first foreign community in Tunisia, after the 16th centu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
European Tunisians
European Tunisians are Tunisians whose ancestry lies within the ethnic groups of Europe, notably the French. Other communities include those from Southern Europe and Northwestern Europe. Prior to independence, there were 255,000 Europeans in Tunisia in 1956. In 1926, there were 90,000 Italians in Tunisia, compared to 70,000 Frenchmen, despite the fact that Tunisia was a French protectorate, as well as 8,396 Maltese.Moustapha Kraiem. ''Le fascisme et les italiens de Tunisie, 1918-1939'' pag. 57 History See also *Italian Tunisians * European Moroccans *Pied-Noir *Italian settlers in Libya *History of the Jews in Tunisia Notable people * Moufida Bourguiba (1890-1976), first First Lady of Tunisia First Lady of Tunisia ( ar, سيدة تونس الأولى, French: ''Première dame de Tunisie'') usually refers to the wife of the president of Tunisia. They often play a protocol role at the Carthage Palace and during official visits, though ... (1957-1961) References and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turco-Tunisians
The Turks in Tunisia, also known as Turco-Tunisians. and Tunisian Turks, ( ar, أتراك تونس; french: Turcs de Tunisie; tr, Tunus Türkleri) are ethnic Turks who constitute one of the minority groups in Tunisia.. In 1534, with about 10,000 Turkish soldiers, the Ottoman Empire took control and settled in the region when Tunisia's inhabitants called for help due to fears that the Spanish would invade the country. Thus, during the Ottoman rule, the Turkish community dominated the political life of the region for centuries; as a result, the ethnic mix of Tunisia changed considerably with the continuous migration of Turks from Anatolia, as well as other parts of the Ottoman territories, for over 300 years. In addition, some Turks intermarried with the local population and their male offspring were called "Kouloughlis".. Consequently, the terms "Turks" and "Kouloughlis" have traditionally been used to distinguish between those of full and partial Turkish ancestry. In norther ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kouloughlis
Kouloughlis, also spelled Koulouglis, Cologhlis and Qulaughlis (from Turkish ''Kuloğlu'' "Children of The Empire Servants" from ''Kul'' "soldier" or "servant/slave" + '' Oğlu'' "son of"), but the translation of the word "kul" as slave is misleading since in the Ottoman context, it referred to one’s special status as being in the special service of the sultan.Mergen Türk, Nazlı Esim"The notion of hassa soldiery and kul identity in the early Ottoman state–example of the janissary corps a comparative study."PhD diss., Bilkent University, 2022. It was a term used during the period of Ottoman influence in North Africa that usually designated the mixed offspring of Ottoman officials and janissaries, and local North African women.Algeria: A Study in Competing Ideologies - Kay Adamson, A&C B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arab-Berber
Arab-Berbers ( ar, العرب والبربر ''al-ʿarab wa-l-barbar'') are a population of the Maghreb, a vast region of North Africa in the western part of the Arab world along the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Arab-Berbers are people of mixed Arab and Berber origin, most of whom speak a variant of Maghrebi Arabic as their native language, some also speak various Berber languages. Many Arab-Berbers identify primarily as Arab and secondarily as Berber. The Arab-Berber identity came into being as a direct result of the Arab conquest of North Africa, and the intermarriage between the Arabs who immigrated to those regions and local mainly Roman Africans and other Berber people; in addition, Banu Hilal and Sulaym Arab tribes originating in the Arabian Peninsula invaded the region and intermarried with the local rural mainly Berber populations, and were a major factor in the linguistic, cultural and ethnic Arabization of the Maghreb.Weiss, Bernard G. and Green, Arnold ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Separatism
Separatism is the advocacy of cultural, ethnic, tribal, religious, racial, governmental or gender separation from the larger group. As with secession, separatism conventionally refers to full political separation. Groups simply seeking greater autonomy are not separatist as such. Some discourse settings equate separatism with religious segregation, racial segregation, or sex segregation, while other discourse settings take the broader view that separation by choice may serve useful purposes and is not the same as government-enforced segregation. There is some academic debate about this definition, and in particular how it relates to secessionism, as has been discussed online. Separatist groups practice a form of identity politics, or political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of the group's members. Such groups believe attempts at integration with dominant groups compromise their identity and ability to pursue greater self-determination. However, econo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Volkstaat
The concept of a Volkstaat (, "People's State"), also called a Boerestaat, is a proposed view to establish an all-white Afrikaner homeland within the borders of South Africa, most commonly proposed as a fully independent Boer/Afrikaner nation. The concept excludes Afrikaans-speaking coloureds and South Africans of English ancestry, yet is sometimes misunderstood to include them. Following the Great Trek of the 1830s and 1840s, Boer pioneers expressed a drive for self-determination and independence through the establishment of several Boer republics over the rest of the 19th century. The end of apartheid and the establishment of universal suffrage in South Africa in 1994 left some Afrikaners feeling disillusioned and marginalised by the political changes, which resulted in a proposal for an independent Volkstaat. Several different methods have been proposed for the establishment of a Volkstaat. Besides the use of force, the South African Constitution, and international law ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Îles D'Hyères
The ÃŽles d'Hyères (), also known as ÃŽles d'Or (), are a group of four Mediterranean islands off Hyères in the Var department of Southeastern France. Islands With a combined area of , the ÃŽles d'Hyères consist of *Porquerolles – , an extension of the Giens peninsula *Port-Cros – , the most mountainous, part of Port-Cros National Park, noted for rare flora and as a bird refuge *ÃŽle du Bagaud – , part of the same national park, and without permitted access *ÃŽle du Levant ÃŽle du Levant (), sometimes referred to as Le Levant, is a French island in the Mediterranean off the coast of the Riviera, near Toulon. It is one of the four that constitute the ÃŽles d'Hyères. Part of the island is occupied by the naturi ... – , mostly for military use, partly a long-established naturist community centered on the privately owned village of Héliopolis File:Cote sud de Porquerolles.JPG, Porquerolles File:2011-07-09. Port Cros. (7).jpg, Port-Cros File: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mediterranean Region
In biogeography, the Mediterranean Basin (; also known as the Mediterranean Region or sometimes Mediterranea) is the region of lands around the Mediterranean Sea that have mostly a Mediterranean climate, with mild to cool, rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers, which supports characteristic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub vegetation. Geography The Mediterranean Basin covers portions of three continents: Europe, Africa, and Asia. It is distinct from the drainage basin, which extends much further south and north due to major rivers ending in the Mediterranean Sea, such as the Nile and Rhône. Conversely, the Mediterranean Basin includes regions not in the drainage basin. It has a varied and contrasting topography. The Mediterranean Region offers an ever-changing landscape of high mountains, rocky shores, impenetrable scrub, semi-arid steppes, coastal wetlands, sandy beaches and a myriad islands of various shapes and sizes dotted amidst the clear blue sea. Co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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