|
Equivalent Airspeed
Equivalent airspeed (EAS) is calibrated airspeed (CAS) corrected for the compressibility of air at a non-trivial Mach number. It is also the airspeed at sea level in the International Standard Atmosphere at which the dynamic pressure is the same as the dynamic pressure at the true airspeed (TAS) and altitude at which the aircraft is flying. In low-speed flight, it is the speed which would be shown by an airspeed indicator with zero error.Houghton, E.L. and Carpenter, P.W. (1993), ''Aerodynamics for Engineering Students'', Section 2.3.3, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford UK. It is useful for predicting aircraft handling, aerodynamic loads, stalling etc. EAS = TAS \times \sqrt where: \rho\, is actual air density. \rho_0\, is standard sea level density (1.225 kg/m3 or 0.00237 slug/ft3). EAS is a function of dynamic pressure. EAS = \sqrt where: \, is dynamic pressure q = \tfrac12\, \rho\, v^, EAS can also be obtained from the aircraft Mach number and static pressure. EA ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calibrated Airspeed
Calibrated airspeed (CAS) is indicated airspeed corrected for instrument and position error. When flying at sea level under International Standard Atmosphere conditions (15 °C, 1013 hPa, 0% humidity) calibrated airspeed is the same as equivalent airspeed (EAS) and true airspeed (TAS). If there is no wind it is also the same as ground speed (GS). Under any other conditions, CAS may differ from the aircraft's TAS and GS. Calibrated airspeed in knots is usually abbreviated as ''KCAS'', while indicated airspeed is abbreviated as ''KIAS''. In some applications, notably British usage, the expression ''rectified airspeed'' is used instead of calibrated airspeed. Practical applications of CAS CAS has two primary applications in aviation: * for navigation, CAS is traditionally calculated as one of the steps between indicated airspeed and true airspeed; * for aircraft control, CAS (and EAS) are the primary reference points, since they describe the dynamic pressure acting on aircraf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acronyms And Abbreviations In Avionics
Below are abbreviations used in aviation, avionics, aerospace and aeronautics. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N N numbers (turbines) O P Q R S T U V V speeds W X Y Z See also * List of aviation mnemonics * Avionics * Glossary of Russian and USSR aviation acronyms * Glossary of gliding and soaring * Appendix:Glossary of aviation, aerospace, and aeronautics – Wiktionary References SourcesAerospace acronymsTerms and GlossaryAviada Terminaro verkita de Gilbert R. LEDON, 286 pagxoj. External links Acronyms used by EASAAcronyms and Abbreviations- FAA Aviation DictionaryAviation Acronyms and AbbreviationsAcronyms search engine by Eurocontrol {{DEFAULTSORT:aviation, avionics, aerospace and aeronautical abbreviations Abbreviations An abbreviation (from Latin ''brevis'', meaning ''short'') is a shortened form of a word or phrase, by any method. It may consist of a group of letters or words taken from the full version of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Position Error
Position error is one of the errors affecting the systems in an aircraft for measuring airspeed and altitude. It is not practical or necessary for an aircraft to have an airspeed indicating system and an altitude indicating system that are exactly accurate. A small amount of error is tolerable. It is caused by the location of the static vent that supplies air pressure to the airspeed indicator and altimeter. Static system All aircraft are equipped with a small hole in the surface of the aircraft called the static port. The air pressure in the vicinity of the static port is conveyed by a conduit to the altimeter and the airspeed indicator. This static port and the conduit constitute the aircraft's static system. The objective of the static system is to sense the pressure of the air at the altitude at which the aircraft is flying. In an ideal static system the air pressure fed to the altimeter and airspeed indicator is equal to the pressure of the air at the altitude at which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indicated Airspeed
Indicated airspeed (IAS) is the airspeed of an aircraft as measured by its pitot-static system and displayed by the airspeed indicator (ASI). This is the pilots' primary airspeed reference. This value is not corrected for installation error, instrument error, or the actual encountered air density, being instead calibrated to always reflect the adiabatic compressible flow of the International Standard Atmosphere at sea level. It uses the difference between total pressure and static pressure, provided by the system, to either mechanically or electronically measure dynamic pressure. The dynamic pressure includes terms for both density and airspeed. Since the airspeed indicator cannot know the density, it is by design calibrated to assume the sea level standard atmospheric density when calculating airspeed. Since the actual density will vary considerably from this assumed value as the aircraft changes altitude, IAS varies considerably from true airspeed (TAS), the relative velocity ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Global Positioning System
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force. It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It does not require the user to transmit any data, and operates independently of any telephonic or Internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS positioning information. It provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. Although the United States government created, controls and maintains the GPS system, it is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver. The GPS project was started by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1973. The first prototype spacecraft was lau ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flight Instruments
Flight instruments are the instruments in the cockpit of an aircraft that provide the pilot with data about the flight situation of that aircraft, such as altitude, airspeed, vertical speed, heading and much more other crucial information in flight. They improve safety by allowing the pilot to fly the aircraft in level flight, and make turns, without a reference outside the aircraft such as the horizon. Visual flight rules (VFR) require an airspeed indicator, an altimeter, and a compass or other suitable magnetic direction indicator. Instrument flight rules (IFR) additionally require a gyroscopic pitch-bank (artificial horizon), direction (directional gyro) and rate of turn indicator, plus a slip-skid indicator, adjustable altimeter, and a clock. Flight into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) require radio navigation instruments for precise takeoffs and landings. The term is sometimes used loosely as a synonym for cockpit instruments as a whole, in which context it can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calibrated Airspeed
Calibrated airspeed (CAS) is indicated airspeed corrected for instrument and position error. When flying at sea level under International Standard Atmosphere conditions (15 °C, 1013 hPa, 0% humidity) calibrated airspeed is the same as equivalent airspeed (EAS) and true airspeed (TAS). If there is no wind it is also the same as ground speed (GS). Under any other conditions, CAS may differ from the aircraft's TAS and GS. Calibrated airspeed in knots is usually abbreviated as ''KCAS'', while indicated airspeed is abbreviated as ''KIAS''. In some applications, notably British usage, the expression ''rectified airspeed'' is used instead of calibrated airspeed. Practical applications of CAS CAS has two primary applications in aviation: * for navigation, CAS is traditionally calculated as one of the steps between indicated airspeed and true airspeed; * for aircraft control, CAS (and EAS) are the primary reference points, since they describe the dynamic pressure acting on aircraf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Civil Aviation Organization
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that coordinates the principles and techniques of international air navigation, and fosters the planning and development of international scheduled air transport, air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. ICAO headquarters are located in the ''Quartier international de Montréal, Quartier International'' of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation, its infrastructure, flight inspection, prevention of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation. ICAO defines the protocols for Aviation accidents and incidents, air accident investigation that are followed by :Organizations investigating aviation accidents and incidents, transport safety authorities in countries signatory to the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation. The Air Navigat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Impact Pressure
In compressible fluid dynamics, impact pressure (dynamic pressure) is the difference between total pressure (also known as pitot pressure or stagnation pressure) and static pressure. In aerodynamics notation, this quantity is denoted as q_c or Q_c. When input to an airspeed indicator, impact pressure is used to provide a calibrated airspeed reading. An air data computer with inputs of pitot and static pressures is able to provide a Mach number and, if static temperature is known, true airspeed. Some authors in the field of compressible flows use the term ''dynamic pressure'' or ''compressible dynamic pressure'' instead of ''impact pressure''.L. J. Clancy (1975) ''Aerodynamics'', Section 3.12 and 3.13"the dynamic pressure is equal to ''half rho vee squared'' only in incompressible flow."Houghton, E.L. and Carpenter, P.W. (1993), ''Aerodynamics for Engineering Students'', Section 2.3.1 Isentropic flow In isentropic flow the ratio of total pressure to static pressure is given by: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mach Number
Mach number (M or Ma) (; ) is a dimensionless quantity in fluid dynamics representing the ratio of flow velocity past a boundary to the local speed of sound. It is named after the Moravian physicist and philosopher Ernst Mach. : \mathrm = \frac, where: : is the local Mach number, : is the local flow velocity with respect to the boundaries (either internal, such as an object immersed in the flow, or external, like a channel), and : is the speed of sound in the medium, which in air varies with the square root of the thermodynamic temperature. By definition, at Mach1, the local flow velocity is equal to the speed of sound. At Mach0.65, is 65% of the speed of sound (subsonic), and, at Mach1.35, is 35% faster than the speed of sound (supersonic). Pilots of high-altitude aerospace vehicles use flight Mach number to express a vehicle's true airspeed, but the flow field around a vehicle varies in three dimensions, with corresponding variations in local Mach number. The local spe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Static Pressure
In fluid mechanics the term static pressure has several uses: * In the design and operation of aircraft, ''static pressure'' is the air pressure in the aircraft's static pressure system. * In fluid dynamics, many authors use the term ''static pressure'' in preference to just ''pressure'' to avoid ambiguity. Often however, the word ‘static’ may be dropped and in that usage pressure is the same as static pressure at a nominated point in a fluid. * The term ''static pressure'' is also used by some authors in fluid statics. Static pressure in design and operation of aircraft An aircraft's static pressure system is the key input to its altimeter and, along with the pitot pressure system, also drives the airspeed indicator. The static pressure system is open to the aircraft's exterior through a small opening called the static port, which allows sensing the ambient atmospheric pressure at the altitude at which the aircraft is flying. In flight, the air pressure varies slightly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Air Density
The density of air or atmospheric density, denoted '' ρ'', is the mass per unit volume of Earth's atmosphere. Air density, like air pressure, decreases with increasing altitude. It also changes with variation in atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity. At 101.325 kPa (abs) and 20 °C (68 °F), air has a density of approximately , according to the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA). At 101.325kPa (abs) and , air has a density of approximately , which is about that of water, according to the International Standard Atmosphere (ISA). Pure liquid water is . Air density is a property used in many branches of science, engineering, and industry, including aeronautics;Olson, Wayne M. (2000) AFFTC-TIH-99-01, Aircraft Performance FlightICAO, Manual of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere (extended to 80 kilometres (262 500 feet)), Doc 7488-CD, Third Edition, 1993, .Grigorie, T.L., Dinca, L., Corcau J-I. and Grigorie, O. (2010) Aircrafts' Altitude Measurement Using Pressure Information:Ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.jpg "Click for more on -> Mach Number")
