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Enterobacteria Phage P4
''Enterobacteria phage P4'' (also known as satellite phage P4) is a temperate bacteriophage strain of species ''Escherichia virus P2'' within genus ''Peduovirus'' (formerly ''P2-like viruses'', ''P2virus'', and ''P2likevirus''), subfamily ''Peduovirinae'', family ''Myoviridae''. It is a satellite virus, requiring P2-related helper phage to grow lytically. Structure The P4 virion has a tail and an icosahedral head containing a linear double-stranded DNA genome of 11,627 kb. Life cycle Phage P4 infects ''Escherichia coli''. It is a satellite virus which cannot engage in lytic growth without the presence of a P2-related helper phage. It generally follows a lysogenic life cycle: after infection, the P4 genome integrates into that of its host. The P4 genome can also exist on its own within the host cell and can replicate as a free plasmid A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage (), also known informally as a ''phage'' (), is a duplodnaviria virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea. The term was derived from "bacteria" and the Greek φαγεῖν ('), meaning "to devour". Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome, and may have structures that are either simple or elaborate. Their genomes may encode as few as four genes (e.g. MS2) and as many as hundreds of genes. Phages replicate within the bacterium following the injection of their genome into its cytoplasm. Bacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere. Bacteriophages are ubiquitous viruses, found wherever bacteria exist. It is estimated there are more than 1031 bacteriophages on the planet, more than every other organism on Earth, including bacteria, combined. Viruses are the most abundant biological entity in the water column of the world's oceans, and the second largest component of biom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Escherichia Virus P2
Bacteriophage P2, scientific name ''Escherichia virus P2'', is a temperate phage that infects ''E. coli''. It is a tailed virus with a contractile sheath and is thus classified in the genus '' Peduovirus'' (formerly ''P2likevirus''), subfamily '' Peduovirinae'', family ''Myoviridae'' within order ''Caudovirales''. This genus of viruses includes many P2-like phages as well as the satellite phage P4. Discovery Bacteriophage P2 was first isolated by G. Bertani from the Lisbonne and Carrère strain of ''E. coli'' in 1951. Since that time, a large number of P2-like prophages (e.g. 186, HP1, HK239, and WΦ) have been isolated that shared characters such as host range, serological relatedness and inability to recombine with phage λ, and they seemed to be quite common in ''E. coli'' populations as about 30% of the strains in the ''E. coli'' reference collection (SABC) contain P2-like prophages . Of these P2-like prophages is P2 best characterized. The P2 phage was found to be able to m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peduovirus
''Peduovirus'' (also known as P2-like phages and P2-like viruses) is a genus of viruses in the order ''Caudovirales'', in the family ''Myoviridae'', in the subfamily '' Peduovirinae''. Bacteria serve as natural hosts, with transmission achieved through passive diffusion. There are 15 species in this genus. Taxonomy The following species are recognized: *'' Citrobacter virus R18C'' *'' Escherichia virus 12474III'' *'' Escherichia virus fiAA91ss'' *'' Escherichia virus magyaro'' *''Escherichia virus P2'' *'' Escherichia virus P2-2H1'' *'' Escherichia virus P2-2H4'' *'' Escherichia virus P2-4A7b'' *'' Escherichia virus P2-4B2'' *'' Escherichia virus P2-4C9'' *'' Escherichia virus P2-4E6b'' *'' Escherichia virus pro147'' *'' Escherichia virus pro483'' *'' Escherichia virus Wphi'' *'' Yersinia virus L413C'' Structure Peduoviruses are nonenveloped, with a head and tail. The icosahedral head is approximately 60 nm in diameter and a dextral symmetry (T=7), composed of 72 capsomers. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peduovirinae
''Peduovirinae'' is a subfamily of viruses in the order ''Caudovirales'', in the family ''Myoviridae''. Bacteria serve as natural hosts. There are 76 species in this subfamily, assigned to 31 genera. Taxonomy The following genera are recognized: * '' Aresaunavirus'' * '' Baylorvirus'' * '' Bielevirus'' * '' Canoevirus'' * '' Catalunyavirus'' * '' Citexvirus'' * '' Eganvirus'' * '' Entnonagintavirus'' * '' Felsduovirus'' * '' Hpunavirus'' * '' Irrigatiovirus'' * '' Irtavirus'' * '' Kisquattuordecimvirus'' * '' Kisquinquevirus'' * '' Longwoodvirus'' * '' Nampongvirus'' * '' Novemvirus'' * ''Peduovirus ''Peduovirus'' (also known as P2-like phages and P2-like viruses) is a genus of viruses in the order ''Caudovirales'', in the family ''Myoviridae'', in the subfamily '' Peduovirinae''. Bacteria serve as natural hosts, with transmission achieved t ...'' * '' Phitrevirus'' * '' Playavirus'' * '' Reginaelenavirus'' * '' Reipivirus'' * '' Senquatrovirus'' * '' Seongnamvirus'' * '' Simp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Myoviridae
''Myoviridae'' is a family of bacteriophages in the order ''Caudovirales''. Bacteria and archaea serve as natural hosts. There are 625 species in this family, assigned to eight subfamilies and 217 genera. Subdivisions The subfamily ''Tevenvirinae'' (synonym: ''Tequatrovirinae'') is named after its type species ''Enterobacteria phage T4''. Members of this subfamily are morphologically indistinguishable and have moderately elongated heads of about 110 nanometers (nm) in length, 114 nm long tails with a collar, base plates with short spikes and six long kinked tail fibers. The genera within this subfamily are divided on the basis of head morphology with the genus ''Tequatrovirus'' (Provisional name: ''T4virus'') having a head length of 137 nm and those in the genus ''Schizot4virus'' being 111 nm in length. Within the genera on the basis of protein homology the species have been divided into a number of groups. The subfamily ''Peduovirinae'' have virions with heads of 6 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Satellite Virus
A satellite is a subviral agent that depends on the coinfection of a host cell with a helper virus for its replication. Satellites can be divided into two major classes: satellite viruses and satellite nucleic acids. Satellite viruses, which are most commonly associated with plants, are also found in mammals, arthropods, and bacteria. They encode structural proteins to enclose their genetic material, which are therefore distinct from the structural proteins of their helper viruses. Satellite nucleic acids, in contrast, do not encode their own structural proteins, but instead are encapsulated by proteins encoded by their helper viruses. The genomes of satellites range upward from 359 nucleotides in length for satellite tobacco ringspot virus RNA (STobRV). Most viruses have the capability to use host enzymes or their own replication machinery to independently replicate their own viral RNA. Satellites, in contrast, are completely dependent on a helper virus for replication. The s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enterobacteria Phage P2
Bacteriophage P2, scientific name ''Escherichia virus P2'', is a temperate phage that infects ''E. coli''. It is a tailed virus with a contractile sheath and is thus classified in the genus '' Peduovirus'' (formerly ''P2likevirus''), subfamily '' Peduovirinae'', family ''Myoviridae'' within order ''Caudovirales''. This genus of viruses includes many P2-like phages as well as the satellite phage P4. Discovery Bacteriophage P2 was first isolated by G. Bertani from the Lisbonne and Carrère strain of ''E. coli'' in 1951. Since that time, a large number of P2-like prophages (e.g. 186, HP1, HK239, and WΦ) have been isolated that shared characters such as host range, serological relatedness and inability to recombine with phage λ, and they seemed to be quite common in ''E. coli'' populations as about 30% of the strains in the ''E. coli'' reference collection (SABC) contain P2-like prophages . Of these P2-like prophages is P2 best characterized. The P2 phage was found to be able to m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes, other functional regions of the genome such as regulatory sequences (see non-coding DNA), and often a substantial fraction of 'junk' DNA with no evident function. Almost all eukaryotes have mitochondria and a small mitochondrial genome. Algae and plants also contain chloroplasts with a chloroplast genome. The study of the genome is called genomics. The genomes of many organisms have been sequenced and various regions have been annotated. The International Human Genome Project reported the sequence of the genome for ''Homo sapiens'' in 200The Human Genome Project although the initial "finished" sequence was missing 8% of the genome consisting mostly of repetitive sequences. With advancements in technology that could handle sequenci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Base Pair
A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA and RNA. Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding patterns, "Watson–Crick" (or "Watson–Crick–Franklin") base pairs (guanine–cytosine and adenine–thymine) allow the DNA helix to maintain a regular helical structure that is subtly dependent on its nucleotide sequence. The Complementarity (molecular biology), complementary nature of this based-paired structure provides a redundant copy of the genetic information encoded within each strand of DNA. The regular structure and data redundancy provided by the DNA double helix make DNA well suited to the storage of genetic information, while base-pairing between DNA and incoming nucleotides provides the mechanism through which DNA polymerase replicates DNA and RNA polymerase transcribes DNA in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Annual Review Of Genetics
The ''Annual Review of Genetics'' is an annual peer-reviewed scientific review journal published by Annual Reviews. It was established in 1967 and covers all topics related to the genetics of viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals, including humans. The current editor is Tatjana Piotrowski. As of 2021, ''Journal Citation Reports'' gives the journal a 2020 impact factor of 16.830, ranking it fourth out of 175 journals in the category "Genetics & Heredity". History In 1965, the nonprofit publisher Annual Reviews surveyed geneticists to determine if there was a need for an annual journal that published review articles about recent developments in the field of genetics. Responses to the survey were favorable, with the first volume of the ''Annual Review of Genetics'' published two years later in 1967. Its inaugural editor was Herschel L. Roman. As of 2020, it was published both in print and electronically. It defines its scope as covering various aspects of genetics, includ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lysogeny
Lysogeny, or the lysogenic cycle, is one of two cycles of viral reproduction (the lytic cycle being the other). Lysogeny is characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome or formation of a circular replicon in the bacterial cytoplasm. In this condition the bacterium continues to live and reproduce normally, while the bacteriophage lies in a dormant state in the host cell. The genetic material of the bacteriophage, called a prophage, can be transmitted to daughter cells at each subsequent cell division, and later events (such as UV radiation or the presence of certain chemicals) can release it, causing proliferation of new phages via the lytic cycle. Lysogenic cycles can also occur in eukaryotes, although the method of DNA incorporation is not fully understood. For instance the AIDS viruses can either infect humans (or some other primates) lytically, or lay dormant (lysogenic) as part of the infected cells' genome, keeping the ab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plasmid
A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, plasmids are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms. In nature, plasmids often carry genes that benefit the survival of the organism and confer selective advantage such as antibiotic resistance. While chromosomes are large and contain all the essential genetic information for living under normal conditions, plasmids are usually very small and contain only additional genes that may be useful in certain situations or conditions. Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. In the laboratory, plasmids may be introduced into a cell via transformation. Synthetic plasmids are available for procurement over the inter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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