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End-to-end (other)
End-to-end or End to End may refer to: * End-to-end auditable voting systems, a voting system * End-to-end delay, the time for a packet to be transmitted across a network from source to destination * End-to-end encryption, a cryptographic paradigm involving uninterrupted protection of data traveling between two communicating parties * End-to-end data integrity * End-to-end principle, a principal design element of the Internet * End-to-end reinforcement learning * End-to-end vector, points from one end of a polymer to the other end * Land's End to John o' Groats, the journey from "End to End" across Great Britain *End-to-end testing (see also: Verification and validation) See also * E2E (other) * Point-to-point (telecommunications) In telecommunications, a point-to-point connection refers to a communications connection between two communication endpoints or nodes. An example is a telephone call, in which one telephone is connected with one other, and what is said by one ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
End-to-end Auditable Voting Systems
End-to-end auditable or end-to-end voter verifiable (E2E) systems are voting systems with stringent integrity properties and strong tamper resistance. E2E systems often employ cryptographic methods to craft receipts that allow voters to verify that their votes were counted as cast, without revealing which candidates were voted for. As such, these systems are sometimes referred to as receipt-based systems. Overview Electronic voting systems arrive at their final vote totals by a series of steps: # each voter has an original intent, # voters express their intent on ballots (whether interactively, as on the transient display of a DRE voting machine, or durable, as in systems with voter verifiable paper trails), # the ballots are interpreted, to generate electronic cast vote records, # cast vote records are tallied, generating totals # where counting is conducted locally, for example, at the precinct or county level, the results from each local level are combined to produce the fin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
End-to-end Delay
End-to-end delay or one-way delay (OWD) refers to the time taken for a packet to be transmitted across a network from source to destination. It is a common term in IP network monitoring, and differs from round-trip time (RTT) in that only path in the one direction from source to destination is measured. Measurement The ping utility measures the RTT, that is, the time to go and come back to a host. Half the RTT is often used as an approximation of OWD but this assumes that the forward and back paths are the same in terms of congestion, number of hops, or quality of service (QoS). This is not always a good assumption. To avoid such problems, the OWD may be measured directly. Direct OWDs may be measured between two points ''A'' and ''B'' of an IP network through the use of synchronized clocks; ''A'' records a timestamp on the packet and sends it to ''B'', which notes the receiving time and calculates the OWD as their difference. The transmitted packets need to be identified at source ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
End-to-end Encryption
End-to-end encryption (E2EE) is a system of communication where only the communicating users can read the messages. In principle, it prevents potential eavesdroppers – including telecom providers, Internet providers, malicious actors, and even the provider of the communication service – from being able to access the cryptographic keys needed to decrypt the conversation. End-to-end encryption is intended to prevent data being read or secretly modified, other than by the true sender and recipient(s). The messages are encrypted by the sender but the third party does not have a means to decrypt them, and stores them encrypted. The recipients retrieve the encrypted data and decrypt it themselves. Because no third parties can decipher the data being communicated or stored, for example, companies that provide end-to-end encryption are unable to hand over texts of their customers' messages to the authorities. In 2022, the UK's Information Commissioner's Office, the government body ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
End-to-end Data Integrity
End-to-end or End to End may refer to: * End-to-end auditable voting systems, a voting system * End-to-end delay, the time for a packet to be transmitted across a network from source to destination * End-to-end encryption, a cryptographic paradigm involving uninterrupted protection of data traveling between two communicating parties * End-to-end data integrity * End-to-end principle, a principal design element of the Internet * End-to-end reinforcement learning * End-to-end vector, points from one end of a polymer to the other end * Land's End to John o' Groats, the journey from "End to End" across Great Britain * End-to-end testing (see also: Verification and validation) See also * E2E (other) * Point-to-point (telecommunications) In telecommunications, a point-to-point connection refers to a communications connection between two communication endpoints or nodes. An example is a telephone call, in which one telephone is connected with one other, and what is said by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
End-to-end Principle
The end-to-end principle is a design framework in computer networking. In networks designed according to this principle, guaranteeing certain application-specific features, such as reliability and security, requires that they reside in the communicating end nodes of the network. Intermediary nodes, such as gateways and routers, that exist to establish the network, may implement these to improve efficiency but cannot guarantee end-to-end correctness. The essence of what would later be called the end-to-end principle was contained in the work of Paul Baran and Donald Davies on packet-switched networks in the 1960s. Louis Pouzin pioneered the use of the end-to-end strategy in the CYCLADES network in the 1970s. The principle was first articulated explicitly in 1981 by Saltzer, Reed, and Clark. The meaning of the end-to-end principle has been continuously reinterpreted ever since its initial articulation. Also, noteworthy formulations of the end-to-end principle can be found befor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
End-to-end Reinforcement Learning
Deep reinforcement learning (deep RL) is a subfield of machine learning that combines reinforcement learning (RL) and deep learning. RL considers the problem of a computational agent learning to make decisions by trial and error. Deep RL incorporates deep learning into the solution, allowing agents to make decisions from unstructured input data without manual engineering of the state space. Deep RL algorithms are able to take in very large inputs (e.g. every pixel rendered to the screen in a video game) and decide what actions to perform to optimize an objective (e.g. maximizing the game score). Deep reinforcement learning has been used for a diverse set of applications including but not limited to robotics, video games, natural language processing, computer vision, education, transportation, finance and Health care, healthcare. Overview Deep learning Deep learning is a form of machine learning that utilizes a neural network to transform a set of inputs into a set of outputs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
End-to-end Vector
In the physical chemistry study of polymers, the end-to-end vector is the vector that points from one end of a polymer to the other end. If each monomer unit in a polymer is represented by a point in space, the translation vectors \vec_i connect between these points. The end-to-end vector \vec is the sum of these translation vectors: :\vec = \sum_i \vec_i The norm of the end-to-end vector is called the end-to-end distance. Relation to other quantities The quadratic mean of the end-to-end distance \left\langle r^2 \right\rangle can be related to the quadratic mean of the radius of gyration \left\langle s^2 \right\rangle of a polymer by the relation:{{cite book, last1= Gedde , first1= Ulf W. , title= Polymer Physics , url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Iem3fC7XdnkC , year= 1995 , publisher= Springer , isbn= 0-412-62640-3 , page= 21 :\left\langle r^2 \right\rangle = 6 \left\langle s^2 \right\rangle Notes See also * Freely Jointed Chain * Worm-like chain The worm-like c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Land's End To John O' Groats
Land's End to John o' Groats is the traversal of the whole length of the island of Great Britain between two extremities, in the southwest and northeast. The traditional distance by road is and takes most cyclists 10 to 14 days; the record for running the route is nine days. Off-road walkers typically walk about and take two or three months for the expedition. Signposts indicate the traditional distance at each end. * Land's End is the traditionally acknowledged extreme western point of mainland England. It is in western Cornwall at the end of the Penwith peninsula. The O.S. Grid Reference of the road end is SW342250, Postcode TR19 7AA. In fact it, or strictly speaking Dr Syntax's Head, SW341253, a few hundred yards NW of the road end, is mainland England's most ''westerly'' point. The most southerly point is Lizard Point, about further south. Land's End is sometimes reckoned incorrectly as mainland Great Britain's most southwesterly point. This accolade belongs to Gwenna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
End-to-end Testing
Software testing is the act of examining the artifacts and the behavior of the software under test by validation and verification. Software testing can also provide an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation. Test techniques include, but not necessarily limited to: * analyzing the product requirements for completeness and correctness in various contexts like industry perspective, business perspective, feasibility and viability of implementation, usability, performance, security, infrastructure considerations, etc. * reviewing the product architecture and the overall design of the product * working with product developers on improvement in coding techniques, design patterns, tests that can be written as part of code based on various techniques like boundary conditions, etc. * executing a program or application with the intent of examining behavior * reviewing the deployment infrastructure a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Verification And Validation
Verification and validation (also abbreviated as V&V) are independent procedures that are used together for checking that a product, service, or system meets requirements and specifications and that it fulfills its intended purpose. These are critical components of a quality management system such as ISO 9000. The words "verification" and "validation" are sometimes preceded with "independent", indicating that the verification and validation is to be performed by a disinterested third party. "Independent verification and validation" can be abbreviated as "IV&V". In practice, as quality management terms, the definitions of verification and validation can be inconsistent. Sometimes they are even used interchangeably. However, the PMBOK guide, a standard adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), defines them as follows in its 4th edition: * "Validation. The assurance that a product, service, or system meets the needs of the customer and other iden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
E2E (other)
E2E or e2e may refer to: * BTB E2E, a class of Swiss electric locomotives * End-to-end (other) ** End-to-end auditable voting systems * Estradiol enantate Estradiol enantate (EEn or E2-EN), also spelled estradiol enanthate and sold under the brand names Perlutal and Topasel among others, is an estrogen medication which is used in hormonal birth control for women. It is formulated in combination wi ..., an estrogen medication * Speedtwin E2E Comet 1, a British light aircraft {{Letter-number combination disambiguation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
