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Draconopteris
''Draconopteris'' is a genus of ferns in the family Tectariaceae, with a single species ''Draconopteris draconoptera'', according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Taxonomy The genus ''Draconopteris'' was erected in 2016 by Li Bing Zhang and Liang Zhang for the species ''Aspidium draconopterum''. A 2016 molecular phylogenetic analysis of Tectariaceae had separated two new genera, ''Draconopteris'' and ''Malaifilix'', from ''Tectaria'' ''sensu stricto''. The analysis arranged the genera as in the following cladogram, where an alternative broader circumscription has been added. Other sources do not recognize the genus ''Malaifilix ''Malaifilix'' is a genus of ferns in the family Tectariaceae, with a single species ''Malaifilix grandidentata'', according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Taxonomy The genus ''Malaifilix'' was erected i ...'', and place its sole species, ''Malaifilix grandidentata'', in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malaifilix
''Malaifilix'' is a genus of ferns in the family Tectariaceae, with a single species ''Malaifilix grandidentata'', according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Taxonomy The genus ''Malaifilix'' was erected in 2016 for a species previously placed in ''Tectaria'' (''Tectaria grandidentata''). A 2016 molecular phylogenetic analysis of Tectariaceae had separated two new genera, '' Draconopteris'' and ''Malaifilix'', from ''Tectaria'' ''sensu stricto''. The analysis arranged the genera as in the following cladogram, where an alternative broader circumscription Circumscription may refer to: *Circumscribed circle *Circumscription (logic) *Circumscription (taxonomy) * Circumscription theory, a theory about the origins of the political state in the history of human evolution proposed by the American anthrop ... of ''Draconopteris'' has been added. Other sources do not recognize the genus ''Malaifilix'', submerging its sole species into a more widel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tectariaceae
Tectariaceae is a family of leptosporangiate ferns in the order Polypodiales. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae. Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Tectarioideae of a very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae ''sensu lato''. The family comprises seven genera, of which ''Tectaria'' is by far the largest. Taxonomy In 1990, Karl U. Kramer and coauthors treated ''Pleocnemia'' and 7 of the currently recognized genera as a subfamily of Dryopteridaceae.Karl U. Kramer (with Richard E. Holttum, Robin C. Moran, and Alan R. Smith). 1990. "Dryopteridaceae". pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor); Karl U. Kramer and Peter S. Green (volume editors) ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume I. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. Two other genera, ''Arthropteris'' and ''Psammiosorus'', along with ''Oleandra'', constituted Kramer's Oleandraceae. It is now known tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pteridrys
''Pteridrys'' is a genus of ferns in the family Tectariaceae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Taxonomy The genus ''Pteridrys'' was erected by Carl Christensen and Ren-Chang Ching in 1934. The type species is ''Pteridrys syrmatica'', transferred from ''Aspidium syrmaticum''. A 2016 molecular phylogenetic showed ''Pteridrys'' to be related to two new genera, ''Draconopteris'' and ''Malaifilix'', separate from the clade containing ''Tectaria''. Species , the ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' recognized the following species: *''Pteridrys acutissima'' Ching ex C.Chr. & Ching *''Pteridrys australis'' Ching ex C.Chr. & Ching *''Pteridrys cnemidaria'' (Christ) C.Chr. et. Ching *''Pteridrys confertiloba'' Holttum *''Pteridrys costularis'' Li Bing Zhang, Liang Zhang, N.T.Lu & X.M.Zhou *''Pteridrys dongshiyongii'' Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou *''Pteridrys dorsifixa'' Li Bing Zhang & X.M.Zhou *''Pteridrys hanoiensis'' Li Bin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hypoderris
''Hypoderris'' is a genus of ferns in the family Tectariaceae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Taxonomy The genus ''Hypoderris'' was erected by Robert Brown in 1830. The type species, '' Hypoderris brownii'', was designated later by John Smith. A 2016 molecular phylogenetic showed ''Hypoderris'' to be in a clade containing ''Tectaria ''Tectaria'' is a genus of fern in the family Tectariaceae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Halberd fern is a common name for species in this genus. Species , the ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophyt ...'', sister to '' Triplophyllum''. Species , the ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' recognized the following species: *'' Hypoderris brauniana'' (H.Karst.) F.G.Wang & Christenh. *'' Hypoderris brownii'' J.Sm. *'' Hypoderris nicotianifolia'' (Baker) Moran et al. References Tectariaceae Fern genera {{Polypodiales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triplophyllum
''Triplophyllum'' is a genus of ferns in the family Tectariaceae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Taxonomy The genus ''Triplophyllum'' was erected by Richard Eric Holttum in 1986. The type species is '' Triplophyllum protensum'', transferred from ''Aspidium protensum''. A 2016 molecular phylogenetic showed ''Triplophyllum'' to be in a clade containing ''Tectaria'', sister to ''Hypoderris ''Hypoderris'' is a genus of ferns in the family Tectariaceae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Taxonomy The genus ''Hypoderris'' was erected by Robert Brown in 1830. The type species, '' Hypode ...''. Species , the ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' recognized the following species: *'' Triplophyllum angustifolium'' Holttum *'' Triplophyllum attenuatum'' (Pic.Serm.) Pic.Serm. *'' Triplophyllum batesii'' Holttum *'' Triplophyllum boliviense'' J.Prado & R.C.Moran *'' Triplo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fern
A fern (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta ) is a member of a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers. The polypodiophytes include all living pteridophytes except the lycopods, and differ from mosses and other bryophytes by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the branched sporophyte is the dominant phase. Ferns have complex leaves called megaphylls, that are more complex than the microphylls of clubmosses. Most ferns are leptosporangiate ferns. They produce coiled fiddleheads that uncoil and expand into fronds. The group includes about 10,560 known extant species. Ferns are defined here in the broad sense, being all of the Polypodiopsida, comprising both the leptosporangiate (Polypodiidae) and eusporangiate ferns, the latter group including horsetails, whisk ferns, marattioid ferns, and ophioglossoid ferns. Ferns first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group
The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group, or PPG, is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the classification of pteridophytes (lycophytes and ferns) that reflects knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies. In 2016, the group published a classification for extant pteridophytes, termed "PPG I". The paper had 94 authors (26 principal and 68 additional). PPG I A first classification, PPG I, was produced in 2016, covering only extant (living) pteridophytes. The classification was rank-based, using the ranks of class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily and genus. Phylogeny The classification was based on a consensus phylogeny, shown below to the level of order. The very large order Polypodiales was divided into two suborders, as well as families not placed in a suborder: Classification to subfamily level To the level of subfamily, the PPG I classification is as follows. *Class Lycopodi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical frame ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tectaria
''Tectaria'' is a genus of fern in the family Tectariaceae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Halberd fern is a common name for species in this genus. Species , the ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' recognized the following species and hybrids: *'' Tectaria acerifolia'' R.C.Moran *'' Tectaria acrocarpa'' (Ching) Christenh. *'' Tectaria adenophora'' Copel. *'' Tectaria aenigma'' C.W.Chen & C.J.Rothf. *'' Tectaria aequatoriensis'' (Hieron.) C.Chr. *'' Tectaria amblyotis'' (Baker) C.Chr. * ''Tectaria'' × ''amesiana'' A.A.Eaton = ''T. coriandrifolia'' × ''T. lobata'' *'' Tectaria amphiblestra'' R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon *'' Tectaria andersonii'' Holttum *'' Tectaria angelicifolia'' (Schum.) Copel. *'' Tectaria angulata'' (Willd.) Copel. *'' Tectaria antioquiana'' (Baker) C.Chr. *''Tectaria aspidioides'' (C.Presl) Copel. *'' Tectaria athyrioides'' (Baker) C.Chr. *'' Tectaria athyriosora'' M.G.Price *'' Tectaria a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to descendants, nor does it show how much they have changed, so many differing evolutionary trees can be consistent with the same cladogram. A cladogram uses lines that branch off in different directions ending at a clade, a group of organisms with a last common ancestor. There are many shapes of cladograms but they all have lines that branch off from other lines. The lines can be traced back to where they branch off. These branching off points represent a hypothetical ancestor (not an actual entity) which can be inferred to exhibit the traits shared among the terminal taxa above it. This hypothetical ancestor might then provide clues about the order of evolution of various features, adaptation, and other evolutionary narratives about ance ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circumscription (taxonomy)
In biological taxonomy, circumscription is the content of a taxon, that is, the delimitation of which subordinate taxa are parts of that taxon. If we determine that species X, Y, and Z belong in Genus A, and species T, U, V, and W belong in Genus B, those are our circumscriptions of those two genera. Another systematist might determine that T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z all belong in genus A. Agreement on circumscriptions is not governed by the Codes of Zoological or Botanical Nomenclature, and must be reached by scientific consensus. A goal of biological taxonomy is to achieve a stable circumscription for every taxon. This goal conflicts, at times, with the goal of achieving a natural classification that reflects the evolutionary history of divergence of groups of organisms. Balancing these two goals is a work in progress, and the circumscriptions of many taxa that had been regarded as stable for decades are in upheaval in the light of rapid developments in molecular phylogenetics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthropteris
''Arthropteris'' is a small genus of ferns in family Tectariaceae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). It was previously placed in the families Oleandraceae or Davalliaceae. The genus is native to Australia, Europe, Asia and Africa. Around 12 to 21 species are considered part of this genus. The name ''Arthropteris'' is from the Greek, meaning "jointed fern", referring to the joint at the base of the petiole.Les Robinson - Field Guide to the Native Plants of Sydney, page 309 The type species is '' Arthropteris tenella''.Hooker, J.D. (1854The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror. II. Flora Novae-Zelandiae 2(5): 43 Species , the ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' recognized the following species: * ''Arthropteris altescandens'' (Colla) J.Sm. * ''Arthropteris articulata'' (Brack.) C.Chr. * '' Arthropteris beckleri'' (Hook.) Mett. * ''Arthropteris boutoniana'' (Hook.) Pic.Serm. * ''Arthropte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
