Tectariaceae is a

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

leptosporangiate fern The Polypodiidae, commonly called leptosporangiate ferns, formerly Leptosporangiatae, are one of four subclasses of ferns, and the largest of these, being the largest group of living ferns, including some 11,000 species worldwide. The group has ...

s in the order

Polypodiales The order Polypodiales encompasses the major lineages of polypod ferns, which comprise more than 80% of today's fern species. They are found in many parts of the world including tropical, semitropical and temperate areas. Description Polypodiale ...

. In the

Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group, or PPG, is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the classification of pteridophytes (lycophytes and ferns) that reflects knowledge about plant relation ...

classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder

Polypodiineae Polypodiineae is a suborder of ferns in the order Polypodiales. It is equivalent to the clade eupolypods I in earlier systems, and to the very broadly defined family Polypodiaceae in the classification of Christenhusz & Chase (2014). It probably ...

. Alternatively, it may be treated as the subfamily Tectarioideae of a very broadly defined family

Polypodiaceae Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae. A broader ...

sensu lato ''Sensu'' is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of". It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, semiotics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used in describing any particular co ...

''. The family comprises seven

genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...

, of which ''

Tectaria ''Tectaria'' is a genus of fern in the family Tectariaceae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). Halberd fern is a common name for species in this genus. Species , the ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophyt ...

'' is by far the largest.

Taxonomy

In 1990, Karl U. Kramer and coauthors treated ''

Pleocnemia ''Pleocnemia'' is a genus of ferns in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Elaphoglossoideae, in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group, or PPG, is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collabora ...

'' and 7 of the currently recognized genera as a

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

Dryopteridaceae The Dryopteridaceae are a Family (biology), family of leptosporangiate ferns in the Order (biology), order Polypodiales. They are known Common name, colloquially as the wood ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG&n ...

.Karl U. Kramer (with Richard E. Holttum, Robin C. Moran, and Alan R. Smith). 1990. "Dryopteridaceae". pages ??. In: Klaus Kubitzki (general editor); Karl U. Kramer and Peter S. Green (volume editors) ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'' volume I. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. Two other genera, ''Arthropteris'' and ''Psammiosorus'', along with ''

Oleandra Oleandra is a genus of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only genus in the family Oleandraceae, which is placed in suborder Polypodiineae, order Polypodiales. Alternatively, the family may be pla ...

'', constituted Kramer's

Oleandraceae Oleandra is a genus of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only genus in the family Oleandraceae, which is placed in suborder Polypodiineae, order Polypodiales. Alternatively, the family may be pla ...

. It is now known that Kramer's

version Version may refer to: Computing * Software version, a set of numbers that identify a unique evolution of a computer program * VERSION (CONFIG.SYS directive), a configuration directive in FreeDOS Music * Cover version * Dub version * Remix * ''Ve ...

of Dryopteridaceae is

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of converg ...

. ''Arthropteris'' (including ''Psammiosorus'') lies within Tectariaceae and Tectariaceae is sister to a clade consisting of

Davalliaceae '' Davallia'' (deersfoot fern, hare's foot fern, shinobu fern, rabbit foot fern, ball fern) is a genus of about 40 species of fern. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is the only genus in the family Davalli ...

, and

.Eric Schuettpelz and Kathleen M. Pryer. 2007. "Fern phylogeny inferred from 400 leptosporangiate species and three plastid genes" ''Taxon'' 56(4):1037–1050. (See ''External links'' below). In 2006, in a revision of fern

classification Classification is a process related to categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated and understood. Classification is the grouping of related facts into classes. It may also refer to: Business, organizat ...

, Tectariaceae was an accepted family.Alan R. Smith, Kathleen M. Pryer, Eric Schuettpelz, Petra Korall, Harald Schneider, and Paul G. Wolf. 2006. "A classification for extant ferns." Taxon 55(3):705-731. (See ''External links'' below). In 2007, a

molecular phylogenetic Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to ...

study Study or studies may refer to: General * Education **Higher education * Clinical trial * Experiment * Observational study * Research * Study skills, abilities and approaches applied to learning Other * Study (art), a drawing or series of drawi ...

of Dryopteridaceae included ''Pleocnemia'' and showed that it belongs in Dryopteridaceae.Hong-Mei Liu, Xian-Chun Zhang, Wei Wang, Yin-Long Qiu, and Zhi-Duan Chen. 2007. "Molecular Phylogeny of the Fern Family Dryopteridaceae inferred from Chloroplast rbcL and atpB genes". ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'' 168(9):1311-1323. Also in 2007, ''Dracoglossum'' was named as a new genus.Maarten J.M. Christenhusz. 2007. "''Dracoglossum'', a new Neotropical fern genus (Pteridophyta)". ''Thaiszia Journal of Botany'' 17:1-10. It has since been removed to

Lomariopsidaceae The Lomariopsidaceae is a family of ferns with a largely tropical distribution. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae (eupolypods I) of the order Polypodiales. ...

Phylogeny

In 2016, a

cladistic Cladistics (; ) is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups (" clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived char ...

analysis of Tectariaceae separated two new genera, '' Draconopteris'' and '' Malaifilix'', from ''Tectaria'' ''sensu stricto''.Liang Zhang, Eric Schuettpelz, Carl J. Rothfels, Xin-Mao Zhou, Xin-Fen Gao, and Li-Bing Zhang. 2016. "Circumscription and phylogeny of the fern family Tectariaceae based on plastid and nuclear markers, with the description of two new genera: Draconopteris and Malaifilix (Tectariaceae)". ''Taxon'' 65(4):723–738.

Genera

, the ''Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World'' accepted the following genera. ''Polydictyum'' was separated from ''Tectaria'' after the publication of PPG I in 2016. *'' Arthropteris'' J.Sm. *'' Draconopteris'' Li Bing Zhang & Liang Zhang *'' Hypoderris'' R.Br. *'' Malaifilix'' Li Bing Zhang & Schuettp. *'' Polydictyum'' C.Presl *'' Pteridrys'' C.Chr. & Ching *''

'' Cav. *'' Triplophyllum'' Holttum

References

External links

400 leptosporangiates

A classification for extant ferns
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1519020 Fern families