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Digital Signature Algorithm
The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) is a Public-key cryptography, public-key cryptosystem and Federal Information Processing Standards, Federal Information Processing Standard for digital signatures, based on the mathematical concept of modular exponentiation and the Discrete logarithm, discrete logarithm problem. DSA is a variant of the Schnorr signature, Schnorr and ElGamal signature scheme, ElGamal signature schemes. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) proposed DSA for use in their Digital Signature Standard (DSS) in 1991, and adopted it as FIPS 186 in 1994. Four revisions to the initial specification have been released. The newest specification isFIPS 186-4 from July 2013. DSA is patented but NIST has made this patent available worldwide royalty-free. A draft version of the specificatioFIPS 186-5indicates DSA will no longer be approved for digital signature generation, but may be used to verify signatures generated prior to the implementation date of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public-key Cryptography
Public-key cryptography, or asymmetric cryptography, is the field of cryptographic systems that use pairs of related keys. Each key pair consists of a public key and a corresponding private key. Key pairs are generated with cryptographic algorithms based on mathematical problems termed one-way functions. Security of public-key cryptography depends on keeping the private key secret; the public key can be openly distributed without compromising security. In a public-key encryption system, anyone with a public key can encrypt a message, yielding a ciphertext, but only those who know the corresponding private key can decrypt the ciphertext to obtain the original message. For example, a journalist can publish the public key of an encryption key pair on a web site so that sources can send secret messages to the news organization in ciphertext. Only the journalist who knows the corresponding private key can decrypt the ciphertexts to obtain the sources' messages—an eavesdropp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Claus P
Claus (sometimes Clas) is both a given name and a German, Danish, and Dutch surname. Notable people with the name include: Given name *Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (1907–1944), a German officer who, along with others, attempted to assassinate Hitler in 1944 *Claus von Amsberg, Prince Claus of the Netherlands, Jonkheer van Amsberg (1926–2002) *Claus von Bülow (born 1926), British socialite accused of attempting to murder his wife, Sunny von Bülow *Claus Clausen (other), three people of that name *Claus Bech Jørgensen (born 1976), Danish-born Faroese footballer *Claus Jacob (born 1969), German scientist *Claus Jørgensen (racewalker) (born 1974), Danish race walker *Claus Larsen (other), three people of that name *Claus Lundekvam (born 1973), Norwegian former footballer *Claus Moser, Baron Moser (born 1922), British statistician *Claus Nielsen (born 1964), Danish former football striker *Claus Norreen (born 1970), Danish musician with the band Aqua, and r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptlib
cryptlib is an open-source cross-platform software security toolkit library. It is distributed under the Sleepycat License, a free software license compatible with the GNU General Public License. Alternatively, cryptlib is available under a proprietary license for those preferring to use it under proprietary terms. Features cryptlib is a security toolkit library that allows programmers to incorporate encryption and authentication services to software. It provides a high-level interface so strong security capabilities can be added to an application without needing to know many of the low-level details of encryption or authentication algorithms. It comes with an over 400 page programming manual. At the highest level, cryptlib provides implementations of complete security services such as S/MIME and PGP/OpenPGP secure enveloping, SSL/TLS and SSH secure sessions, CA services such as CMP, SCEPRTCS and OCSP, and other security operations such as secure timestamping. Since cryptlib ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bouncy Castle (cryptography)
Bouncy Castle is a collection of APIs used in cryptography. It includes APIs for both the Java and the C# programming languages. The APIs are supported by a registered Australian charitable organization: Legion of the Bouncy Castle Inc. Bouncy Castle is Australian in origin and therefore American restrictions on the export of cryptography from the United States do not apply to it. History Bouncy Castle started when two colleagues were tired of having to re-invent a set of cryptography libraries each time they changed jobs working in server-side Java SE. One of the developers was active in Java ME (J2ME at that time) development as a hobby and a design consideration was to include the greatest range of Java VMs for the library, including those on J2ME. This design consideration led to the architecture that exists in Bouncy Castle. The project, founded in May 2000, was originally written in Java only, but added a C# API in 2004. The original Java API consisted of approximatel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Botan (programming Library)
Botan is a BSD-licensed cryptographic and TLS library written in C++11. It provides a wide variety of cryptographic algorithms, formats, and protocols, e.g. SSL and TLS. It is used in the Monotone distributed revision control program, the OpenDNSSEC system, and ISC's Kea DHCP server among other projects. The project was originally called OpenCL, a name now used by Apple Inc. and Khronos Group for a heterogeneous system programming framework. It was renamed Botan in 2002. In 2007, the German Federal Office for Information Security contracted FlexSecure GmbH to add an implementation of Card Verifiable Certificates for ePassports to Botan; the modified version of Botan was released under the name InSiTo. Starting in 2015, the German Federal Office for Information Security funded a project, which included improving the documentation, test suite and feature set of Botan, culminating in 2017, when it was evaluated and recommended as a library suitable for "applications with in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Offline Private Key
A paper key is a machine-readable print of a cryptographic key. The printed key can be used to decrypt data, e.g. archives or backup data. A paper key can be the result of an offline private key protocol. The offline private key can also function as a token in two-factor authentication. The idea is that a digital key to decrypt and recover sensitive or personal data should have long-term durability and not be stored on any computer or network. The length of secure cryptographic keys restricts memorization, so the secret key takes the form of a 2D barcode, a machine-readable print. Early implementations of a paper key by the company Safeberg use a Data Matrix barcode. or human-readable base 16 digits. by [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subliminal Channel
In cryptography, subliminal channels are covert channels that can be used to communicate secretly in normal looking communication over an insecure channel.Gustavus J. Simmons. The Prisoners Problem and the Subliminal Channel'. In Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO ’83, pages 51–67, New York, 1984. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, ed. D. Chaum. Subliminal channels in digital signature crypto systems were found in 1984 by Gustavus Simmons. Simmons describes how the "Prisoners' Problem" can be solved through parameter substitution in digital signature algorithms.Gustavus J. Simmons. The subliminal channel and digital signatures'. In Proc. of the EUROCRYPT 84 workshop on Advances in cryptology: theory and application of cryptographic techniques, pages 364–378, New York, NY, USA, 1985. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. (Note that Simmons' Prisoners' Problem is not the same as the Prisoner's Dilemma.) Signature algorithms like ElGamal and DSA have parameters which must be set wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PlayStation 3
The PlayStation 3 (PS3) is a home video game console developed by Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Computer Entertainment. The successor to the PlayStation 2, it is part of the PlayStation brand of consoles. It was first released on November 11, 2006, in Japan, November 17, 2006, in North America, and March 23, 2007, in Europe and Australia. The PlayStation 3 competed primarily against Microsoft's Xbox 360 and Nintendo's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles. The console was first officially announced at E3 2005, and was released at the end of 2006. It was the first console to use Blu-ray Disk technology as its primary storage medium. The console was the first PlayStation to integrate social gaming services, including the PlayStation Network, as well as the first to be controllable from a handheld console, through its remote connectivity with PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita. In September 2009, the ''Slim'' model of the PlayStation 3 was rele ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sony
, commonly stylized as SONY, is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. As a major technology company, it operates as one of the world's largest manufacturers of consumer and professional electronic products, the largest video game console company and the largest video game publisher. Through Sony Entertainment Inc, it is one of the largest music companies (largest music publisher and second largest record label) and the third largest film studio, making it one of the most comprehensive media companies. It is the largest technology and media conglomerate in Japan. It is also recognized as the most cash-rich Japanese company, with net cash reserves of ¥2 trillion. Sony, with its 55 percent market share in the image sensor market, is the largest manufacturer of image sensors, the second largest camera manufacturer, and is among the semiconductor sales leaders. It is the world's largest player in the premium TV market for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ECDSA
In cryptography, the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) offers a variant of the Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) which uses elliptic-curve cryptography. Key and signature-size As with elliptic-curve cryptography in general, the bit size of the private key believed to be needed for ECDSA is about twice the size of the security level, in bits. For example, at a security level of 80 bits—meaning an attacker requires a maximum of about 2^ operations to find the private key—the size of an ECDSA private key would be 160 bits. On the other hand, the signature size is the same for both DSA and ECDSA: approximately 4 t bits, where t is the security level measured in bits, that is, about 320 bits for a security level of 80 bits. Signature generation algorithm Suppose Alice wants to send a signed message to Bob. Initially, they must agree on the curve parameters (\textrm, G, n). In addition to the field and equation of the curve, we need G, a base point of pri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fermat's Little Theorem
Fermat's little theorem states that if ''p'' is a prime number, then for any integer ''a'', the number a^p - a is an integer multiple of ''p''. In the notation of modular arithmetic, this is expressed as : a^p \equiv a \pmod p. For example, if = 2 and = 7, then 27 = 128, and 128 − 2 = 126 = 7 × 18 is an integer multiple of 7. If is not divisible by , that is if is coprime to , Fermat's little theorem is equivalent to the statement that is an integer multiple of , or in symbols: : a^ \equiv 1 \pmod p. For example, if = 2 and = 7, then 26 = 64, and 64 − 1 = 63 = 7 × 9 is thus a multiple of 7. Fermat's little theorem is the basis for the Fermat primality test and is one of the fundamental results of elementary number theory. The theorem is named after Pierre de Fermat, who stated it in 1640. It is called the "little theorem" to distinguish it from Fermat's Last Theorem.. History Pierre de Fermat first stated the theorem in a letter dated October ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extended Euclidean Algorithm
In arithmetic and computer programming, the extended Euclidean algorithm is an extension to the Euclidean algorithm, and computes, in addition to the greatest common divisor (gcd) of integers ''a'' and ''b'', also the coefficients of Bézout's identity, which are integers ''x'' and ''y'' such that : ax + by = \gcd(a, b). This is a certifying algorithm, because the gcd is the only number that can simultaneously satisfy this equation and divide the inputs. It allows one to compute also, with almost no extra cost, the quotients of ''a'' and ''b'' by their greatest common divisor. also refers to a very similar algorithm for computing the polynomial greatest common divisor and the coefficients of Bézout's identity of two univariate polynomials. The extended Euclidean algorithm is particularly useful when ''a'' and ''b'' are coprime. With that provision, ''x'' is the modular multiplicative inverse of ''a'' modulo ''b'', and ''y'' is the modular multiplicative inverse of ''b'' modul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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