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Dicistroviridae
''Dicistroviridae'' is a family of viruses in the order ''Picornavirales''. Invertebrates, including aphids, leafhoppers, flies, bees, ants, and silkworms, serve as natural hosts. There are 15 species in this family, assigned to three genera. Diseases associated with this family include: DCV: increased reproductive potential. extremely pathogenic when injected with high associated mortality. CrPV: paralysis and death. Taxonomy Although many dicistroviruses were initially placed in the ''Picornaviridae'', they have since been reclassified into their own family. The name (Dicistro) is derived from the characteristic dicistronic arrangement of the genome. This family is a member of the Order ''Picornavirales'' (along with the families ''Iflaviridae'', ''Picornaviridae'', and ''Secoviridae'' and '' Marnaviridae''). Within this order, the gene order is the gene order of the nonstructural proteins Hel(helicase)-Pro(protease)-RdRp(polymerase). The ''Dicistroviridae'' can be disting ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triatoma Virus
Triatoma virus (TrV) is a virus belonging to the insect virus family ''Dicistroviridae.'' Within this family, there are currently 3 genera and 15 species of virus. Triatoma virus belongs to the genus ''Cripavirus''. It is non-enveloped and its genetic material is positive-sense, single-stranded RNA. The natural hosts of triatoma virus are invertebrates. TrV is a known pathogen to ''Triatoma infestans'', the major vector of Chagas disease in Argentina which makes triatoma virus a major candidate for biological vector control as opposed to chemical insecticides. Triatoma virus was first discovered in 1984 when a survey of pathogens of triatomes was conducted in the hopes of finding potential biological control methods for ''T. infestans''. Viral classification TrV is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. It belongs to virus Group IV. Virus groups are based on the Baltimore classification system. The Baltimore classification system is based on the method of viral mRNA syn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black Queen Cell Virus
The black queen cell virus (BQCV) is a virus that infects honey bees, specifically ''Apis mellifera'', ''Apis florea'', and ''Apis dorsata''. Infection of the latter two species is more recent and can be attributed to genetic similarity and geographical closeness. It is important to learn about this virus because it is one of the most common bee viruses and bees are the most important pollinators. The agricultural industry depends on the bee's pollination to increase its economic value. Description Black queen cell virus was originally described in 1977, but its genome was not sequenced until 2000. BQCV can currently be found most commonly in Australia and parts of South Africa. BQCV visibly affects the pupae of queen bees, causing them first to turn yellow and then black, and eventually die. These pupae come from queen bees that seem healthy and show no symptoms of being infected with this virus, as it only manifests itself with visible symptoms in the larvae. Although only the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cricket Paralysis Virus
Cricket paralysis virus (CrPV) was initially discovered in Australian field crickets ('' Teleogryllus commodus'' and ''Teleogryllus oceanicus'') by Carl Reinganum and his colleagues at the Victorian Plant Research Institute (Burnley, Melbourne, Australia). The paralytic disease spread rapidly through a breeding colony as well as through a laboratory population causing about 95% mortality. This was the first recorded isolate of the virus and is generally referred to as CrPVvic to distinguish it from subsequent isolates. Description The spheroidal, non-enveloped virus particles of CrPV are about 27 nm diameter in negatively-stained electron micrographs and contain a single piece of positive-sense ssRNA. The virion is composed of four capsid proteins with molecular masses generally reported to be 33, 31 and 30 kilodaltons with a minor VP4 protein of about 8 kDa. The particles resemble those of the mammalian picornaviruses but CrPV virions sediment at a faster rate (167 S) th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kashmir Bee Virus
Diseases of the honey bee or abnormal hive conditions include: Pests and parasites ''Varroa'' mites ''Varroa destructor'' and ''V. jacobsoni'' are parasitic mites that feed on the fat bodies of adult, pupal and larval bees. When the hive is very heavily infested, ''Varroa'' mites can be seen with the naked eye as a small red or brown spot on the bee's thorax. ''Varroa'' mites are carriers for many viruses that are damaging to bees. For example, bees infected during their development will often have visibly deformed wings. ''Varroa'' mites have led to the virtual elimination of feral bee colonies in many areas, and are a major problem for kept bees in apiaries. Some feral populations are now recovering—it appears they have been naturally selected for ''Varroa'' resistance. ''Varroa'' mites were first discovered in Southeast Asia in about 1904, but are now present on all continents except Australia. They were discovered in the United States in 1987, in New Zealand in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acute Bee Paralysis Virus
Diseases of the honey bee or abnormal hive conditions include: Pests and parasites ''Varroa'' mites ''Varroa destructor'' and ''V. jacobsoni'' are parasitic mites that feed on the fat bodies of adult, pupal and larval bees. When the hive is very heavily infested, ''Varroa'' mites can be seen with the naked eye as a small red or brown spot on the bee's thorax. ''Varroa'' mites are carriers for many viruses that are damaging to bees. For example, bees infected during their development will often have visibly deformed wings. ''Varroa'' mites have led to the virtual elimination of feral bee colonies in many areas, and are a major problem for kept bees in apiaries. Some feral populations are now recovering—it appears they have been naturally selected for ''Varroa'' resistance. ''Varroa'' mites were first discovered in Southeast Asia in about 1904, but are now present on all continents except Australia. They were discovered in the United States in 1987, in New Zealand in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus
Diseases of the honey bee or abnormal hive conditions include: Pests and parasites ''Varroa'' mites ''Varroa destructor'' and ''V. jacobsoni'' are parasitic mites that feed on the fat bodies of adult, pupal and larval bees. When the hive is very heavily infested, ''Varroa'' mites can be seen with the naked eye as a small red or brown spot on the bee's thorax. ''Varroa'' mites are carriers for many viruses that are damaging to bees. For example, bees infected during their development will often have visibly deformed wings. ''Varroa'' mites have led to the virtual elimination of feral bee colonies in many areas, and are a major problem for kept bees in apiaries. Some feral populations are now recovering—it appears they have been naturally selected for ''Varroa'' resistance. ''Varroa'' mites were first discovered in Southeast Asia in about 1904, but are now present on all continents except Australia. They were discovered in the United States in 1987, in New Zealand in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cripavirus
''Cripavirus'' is a genus of viruses in the order ''Picornavirales'', in the family ''Dicistroviridae''. Invertebrates serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: DCV: increased reproductive potential; extremely pathogenic when injected with high associated mortality; CrPV: paralysis and death. These viruses can produce proteins directly from their RNA genome upon entering a cell; and therefore, does not require an RNA polymerase packaged in with it, as this may be produced from the genome after entering the cell.International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses The name of the cripavirus family originates from its most famous member the Cricket Paralysis Virus. Which was made famous by its rather unusual < ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drosophila C Virus
''Drosophila'' C virus belongs to the genus ''Cripavirus'' and was previously thought to be a member of the virus family ''Picornaviridae''; it has since been classified as belonging to the ''Dicistroviridae''. It is a single stranded positive sense RNA virus of approximately 9300 nucleotides and it contains two open reading frames. The virus particles are 30 nm in diameter and are made up of approximately 30% of RNA and 70% protein. The virus capsid is composed of three major polypeptides and two minor polypeptides. ''Drosophila'' C virus was first discovered in the early 1970s in a French strain of ''Drosophila melanogaster'', but can also infect other ''Drosophila'' species in laboratory settings. The virus is transmitted by feeding and affects survival. However, experimental evidence has shown that when injected into adult flies the virus is pathogenic as it causes the adult flies to die within 3–4 days. Antiviral RNAi has been shown to be an important host defence again ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aparavirus
''Aparavirus'' is a genus of viruses in the order ''Picornavirales'', in the family ''Dicistroviridae''. Invertebrates, honeybee, and bumblebees serve as natural hosts. There are six species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: ABPV: paralysis. This virus plays a role in sudden collapse of honey bee colonies infested with the parasitic mite varroa destructor. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species: *''Acute bee paralysis virus'' *''Israeli acute paralysis virus'' *''Kashmir bee virus Diseases of the honey bee or abnormal hive conditions include: Pests and parasites ''Varroa'' mites ''Varroa destructor'' and ''V. jacobsoni'' are parasitic mites that feed on the fat bodies of adult, pupal and larval bees. When the hive ...'' *'' Mud crab virus'' *'' Solenopsis invicta virus-1'' *'' Taura syndrome virus'' Structure Viruses in ''Aparavirus'' are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhopalosiphum Padi Virus
Rhopalosiphum padi virus (RhPV) is a member of ''Dicistroviridae'' family, which includes cricket paralysis virus (CrPV), ''Plautia stali'' intestine virus and ''Drosophila'' C virus. Its 5'UTR region contains an internal ribosome entry site An internal ribosome entry site, abbreviated IRES, is an RNA element that allows for translation initiation in a cap-independent manner, as part of the greater process of protein synthesis. In eukaryotic translation, initiation typically occurs at ... (IRES) element with a cross-kingdom activity. It can function efficiently in mammalian, plant and insect translation systems. Testing of R. padi aphids collected from different sites in Sweden revealed the presence of RhPV in wild aphid populations for the first time in Europe. Virus could be detected in several life stages of R. padi, including sexual individuals and eggs, establishing an over-wintering route for the virus. References Cis-regulatory RNA elements Dicistroviridae { ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Picornavirales
''Picornavirales'' is an order of viruses with vertebrate, invertebrate, protist and plant hosts. The name has a dual etymology. First, ''picorna-'' is an acronym for poliovirus, insensitivity to ether, coxsackievirus, orphan virus, rhinovirus, and ribonucleic acid. Secondly, pico-, meaning extremely small, combines with RNA to describe these very small RNA viruses. The order comprises viruses that historically are referred to as picorna-like viruses. Characteristics The families within this order share a number of common features: * The virions are non- enveloped, icosahedral, and about 30 nanometers in diameter. * The capsid has a "pseudo T=3" structure, and is composed of 60 protomers each made of three similar-sized but nonidentical beta barrels. * The genome is made of one or a few single-stranded RNA(s) serving directly as mRNA, without overlapping open reading frames. * The genome has a small protein, VPg, covalently attached to its 5' end, and usually a poly-adenylat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leafhoppers
A leafhopper is the common name for any species from the family Cicadellidae. These minute insects, colloquially known as hoppers, are plant feeders that suck plant sap from grass, shrubs, or trees. Their hind legs are modified for jumping, and are covered with hairs that facilitate the spreading of a secretion over their bodies that acts as a water repellent and carrier of pheromones. They undergo a partial metamorphosis, and have various host associations, varying from very generalized to very specific. Some species have a cosmopolitan distribution, or occur throughout the temperate and tropical regions. Some are pests or vectors of plant viruses and phytoplasmas. The family is distributed all over the world, and constitutes the second-largest hemipteran family, with at least 20,000 described species. They belong to a lineage traditionally treated as infraorder Cicadomorpha in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha, but as the latter taxon is probably not monophyletic, many modern autho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
