|
Cyrtophora Citricola
''Cyrtophora citricola'', also known as the tropical tent-web spider, is an orb-weaver spider in the family Araneidae. It is found in Asia, Africa, Australia, Costa Rica, Hispaniola, Colombia, and Southern Europe and in 2000, it was discovered in Florida. ''C. citricola'' differs from many of its close relatives due its ability to live in a wide variety of environments. In North America and South America, the spider has caused extensive damage to agricultural operations. ''C. citricola'' is in the orb web spider family, but its orb webs are considered atypical. They have a thick silk strand barrier above the orb and a thinner barrier below the orb. This gives the webs a horizontal mesh-like appearance. The spider has developed distinct and specific prey-capturing techniques using its unconventional webs. The prey flies into the upper mesh layer of the web and is deflected into the orb web. The spider then collects and stores the prey in its web. The difference in '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter Forsskål
Peter Forsskål, sometimes spelled Pehr Forsskål, Peter Forskaol, Petrus Forskål or Pehr Forsskåhl (11 January 1732 – 11 July 1763) was a Swedish-speaking Finnish explorer, orientalist, naturalist, and an apostle of Carl Linnaeus. Early life Forsskål was born in Helsinki, now in Finland but then a part of Sweden, where his father, Finnish priest , was serving as a Lutheran clergyman, but the family migrated to Sweden in 1741 when the father was appointed to the parish of Tegelsmora in Uppland and the archdiocese of Uppsala. As was common at the time, he enrolled at Uppsala University at a young age in 1742, but returned home for some time and, after studies on his own, rematriculated in Uppsala in 1751, where he completed a theological degree the same year. Linnaeus's disciple In Uppsala Forsskål was one of the students of Linnaeus, but apparently also studied with the orientalist Carl Aurivillius, whose contacts with the Göttingen orientalist Johann David Michae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glossary Of Spider Terms
This glossary describes the terms used in formal descriptions of spiders; where applicable these terms are used in describing other arachnids. Links within the glossary are shown . Terms A Abdomen or opisthosoma: One of the two main body parts ( tagmata), located towards the posterior end; see also Abdomen § Other animals Accessory claw: Modified at the tip of the in web-building spiders; used with to grip strands of the web Anal tubercle: A small protuberance (tubercule) above the through which the anus opens Apodeme → Apophysis (plural apophyses): An outgrowth or process changing the general shape of a body part, particularly the appendages; often used in describing the male → Atrium (plural atria): An internal chamber at the entrance to the in female haplogyne spiders B Bidentate: Having two Book lungs: Respiratory organs on the ventral side (underside) of the , in front of the , opening through narrow slits; see also Book lungs Branchial operculum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyrtophorinae
Cyrtophorinae is a subfamily of spiders in the orb-weaver spider family. Unlike other orb-weavers, spiders belonging to Cyrtophorinae build horizontal, finely meshed platforms within a tangle of irregular webs. The usually dome-shaped platform is a non-sticky orb web. Cyrtophorinae includes the following six genera: *'' Cyrtobill'' Framenau & Scharff, 2009 *''Cyrtophora'' Simon, 1864 (Tent-web spiders) *''Kapogea'' Levi, 1997 *''Mecynogea'' Simon, 1903 *''Megaraneus'' Lawrence, 1968 *''Manogea ''Manogea'' is a genus of Central and South American orb-weaver spiders first described by Herbert Walter Levi Herbert Walter Levi (January 3, 1921 – November 3, 2014) was professor emeritus of zoology and curator of arachnology at the Museum ...'' Levi, 1997 File:Basilica Orbweaver courtship - Mecynogea lemniscata, Leesylvania State Park, Woodbridge, Virginia.jpg, '' Mecynogea lemniscata'': courtship File:Basilica Orbweaver - Mecynogea lemniscata, Woodbridge, Virginia.jpg, egg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mangora (spider)
''Mangora'' is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by O. Pickard-Cambridge in 1889. Species it contains 186 species in the Americas and the Caribbean: *'' M. acalypha'' (Walckenaer, 1802) – Madeira, Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Middle East, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Central Asia, China *'' M. acaponeta'' Levi, 2005 – Mexico *'' M. acoripa'' Levi, 2007 – Brazil *'' M. acre'' Levi, 2007 – Colombia, Peru, Brazil *'' M. alinahui'' Levi, 2007 – Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil *'' M. amacayacu'' Levi, 2007 – Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil *'' M. amchickeringi'' Levi, 2005 – Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad *'' M. angulopicta'' Yin, Wang, Xie & Peng, 1990 – China *'' M. anilensis'' Levi, 2007 – Brazil *'' M. antillana'' Dierkens, 2012 – Martinique *'' M. antonio'' Levi, 2007 – Brazil *'' M. apaporis'' Levi, 2007 – Colombia, Peru *'' M. apobama'' Levi, 2007 – Peru, Bolivia, Brazil *'' M. argenteostriata'' Simon, 1897 – Brazil * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclosa
''Cyclosa'', also called trashline orbweavers, is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by Anton Menge in 1866. Widely distributed worldwide, spiders of the genus ''Cyclosa'' build relatively small orb webs with a web decoration. The web decoration in ''Cyclosa'' spiders is often linear and includes prey remains and other debris, which probably serve to camouflage the spider. The name "Cyclosa" comes from Greek 'to move in a circle', referring to how it spins its web. While most orb-web spiders face downwards in their web when waiting for prey, some ''Cyclosa'' species (e.g. ''C. ginnaga'' and ''C. argenteoalba'') face upwards. Notable members ''Cyclosa argenteoalba'' '' Cyclosa argenteoalba'' builds two types of web, a traditional sticky spider web, and a resting web that consists of just a few strands. When infected with a larva of the wasp '' Reclinervellus nielseni'', the spider switches on the behavior to build a resting web. The larva then eats the spider and uses ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuctenea
''Nuctenea'' is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1895. Its most familiar member is the Walnut Orb-Weaver Spider, ''N. umbratica''. Species it contains only three species. * '' Nuctenea cedrorum'' (Simon, 1929) — Algeria * '' Nuctenea silvicultrix'' (C. L. Koch, 1835) — Palearctic * ''Nuctenea umbratica ''Nuctenea umbratica'', the walnut orb-weaver spider, is a species of spider in the family Araneidae. Name The species name ''umbratica'' means "living in the shadows" in Latin. Description The walnut orb-weaver spider is very wide and flatte ...'' (Clerck, 1757) — Europe to Azerbaijan :* ''Nuctenea umbratica nigricans'' (Franganillo, 1909) — Portugal :* ''Nuctenea umbratica obscura'' (Franganillo, 1909) — Portugal References Araneidae Araneomorphae genera Spiders of Asia Spiders of Africa Taxa named by Eugène Simon {{Araneidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clade
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spinneret
A spinneret is a silk-spinning organ of a spider or the larva of an insect. Some adult insects also have spinnerets, such as those borne on the forelegs of Embioptera. Spinnerets are usually on the underside of a spider's opisthosoma, and are typically segmented. While most spiders have six spinnerets, some have two, four, or eight. They can move both independently and in concert. Most spinnerets are not simple structures with a single orifice producing a single thread, but complex structures of many microscopic spigots, each producing one filament. This produces the necessary orientation of the protein molecules, without which the silk would be weak and useless. Spigots can be singular or found in groups, which also permits spiders to combine multiple filaments in different ways to produce many kinds of silk for various purposes. Spinneret morphology can help arachnologists identify the taxon of a specimen and the specific morphology of a spigot can determine its use as well ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linyphiidae
Linyphiidae, spiders commonly known as sheet weavers (from the shape of their webs), or money spiders (in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and in Portugal, from the superstition that if such a spider is seen running on you, it has come to spin you new clothes, meaning financial good fortune) is a family of very small spiders comprising 4706 described species in 620 genera worldwide. This makes Linyphiidae the second largest family of spiders after the Salticidae. The family is poorly understood due to their small body size and wide distribution, new genera and species are still being discovered throughout the world. The newest such genus is ''Himalafurca'' from Nepal, formally described in April 2021 by Tanasevitch. Since it is so difficult to identify such tiny spiders, there are regular changes in taxonomy as species are combined or divided. * Money spiders are known for drifting through the air via a technique termed “ballooning”. * Within the agricult ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theridion
''Theridion'' is a genus of tangle-web spiders with a worldwide distribution. Notable species are the Hawaiian happy face spider (''T. grallator''), named for the iconic symbol on its abdomen, and '' T. nigroannulatum'', one of few spider species that lives in social groups, attacking prey en masse to overwhelm them as a team. Identification Spiders in this genus are about as long or longer then they are wide. Their chelicerae have two or less teeth on the front edge and none on the back edge. The front leg is the longest in both genders, but the next longest is the second leg in males and the fourth leg in females. The epigyne can vary, but the pedipalp has a median apophysis and a colulus is absent from both genders. In several species, the males have mastidia (projections) on the chelicerae. ''Theridion'' has the anterior eye row slightly curved and with a gap between it and the posterior eye row. This distinguishes it from '' Enoplognatha'', another theridiid ge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Araneoidea
Araneoidea is a taxon of araneomorph spiders, termed "araneoids", treated as a superfamily. As with many such groups, its circumscription has varied; in particular some families that had at one time moved to the Palpimanoidea have more recently been restored to Araneoidea. A 2014 treatment includes 18 families, with the araneoids making up about 26% of the total number of known spider species; a 2016 treatment includes essentially the same taxa, but now divided into 17 families. Taxonomy Many of the differences in circumscription concern the relationship between Araneoidea and Palpimanoidea. In 1984, Raymond R. Forster and Norman I. Platnick proposed that some groups previously considered araneoid actually belonged in the distantly related Palpimanoidea, including the families Holarchaeidae, Micropholcommatidae, Mimetidae and Pararchaeidae. Subsequent phylogenetic studies have rejected this proposal, firmly placing these four families in Araneoidea (some included in other famil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Exoskeleton
An exoskeleton (from Greek ''éxō'' "outer" and ''skeletós'' "skeleton") is an external skeleton that supports and protects an animal's body, in contrast to an internal skeleton (endoskeleton) in for example, a human. In usage, some of the larger kinds of exoskeletons are known as " shells". Examples of exoskeletons within animals include the arthropod exoskeleton shared by chelicerates, myriapods, crustaceans, and insects, as well as the shell of certain sponges and the mollusc shell shared by snails, clams, tusk shells, chitons and nautilus. Some animals, such as the turtle, have both an endoskeleton and an exoskeleton. Role Exoskeletons contain rigid and resistant components that fulfill a set of functional roles in many animals including protection, excretion, sensing, support, feeding and acting as a barrier against desiccation in terrestrial organisms. Exoskeletons have a role in defense from pests and predators, support and in providing an attachment framework f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
