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Camaenidae
Camaenidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea, the typical snails and their allies. This is one of the most diverse families in the clade Stylommatophora. These snails occur in a wide variety of habitats in the tropics of Eastern Asia and Australasia. A large American group, which is mainly represented by species from the Caribbean, has, until recently, also been subsumed under the Camaenidae. However, latest molecular phylogenetic studies showed that these species represent a different family, the Pleurodontidae. This molecular study also implies that the Bradybaeninae, previously being treated as a distinct family within the Helicoidea, is a junior synonym of the Camaenidae. Anatomy Camaenid shells are often quite large (25–50 mm), but a number of species also have small shells (<5 mm). Shells reveal a remarkable diversity in shape and colour, which is partly linked with their ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bradybaeninae
Bradybaeninae is a taxonomic subfamily of medium-sized to small land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Camaenidae, superfamily Helicoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Bradybaeninae Pilsbry, 1934 (1898). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=994780 on 2021-02-08 These snails are found mainly in Asia, with only one species occurring in Northwestern Europe: '' Fruticicola fruticum''. The name of the subfamily and the genus ''Bradybaena'' is derived from the Greek words ''bradus'' (= slow) and ''baino'' (= walk), meaning "slow walker". Molecular phylogenetic studies from 2007 showed that bradybaenids are closely related with the Camaenidae, which are currently recognized as a distinct family. In these studies both Bradybaenidae and Camaenidae are mutually polyphyletic, together forming a monophyletic group, however. This finding suggests that the distinction of both ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bradybaenidae
Bradybaeninae is a taxonomic subfamily of medium-sized to small land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Camaenidae, superfamily Helicoidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Bradybaeninae Pilsbry, 1934 (1898). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=994780 on 2021-02-08 These snails are found mainly in Asia, with only one species occurring in Northwestern Europe: ''Fruticicola fruticum''. The name of the subfamily and the genus ''Bradybaena'' is derived from the Greek words ''bradus'' (= slow) and ''baino'' (= walk), meaning "slow walker". Molecular phylogenetic studies from 2007 showed that bradybaenids are closely related with the Camaenidae, which are currently recognized as a distinct family. In these studies both Bradybaenidae and Camaenidae are mutually polyphyletic, together forming a monophyletic group, however. This finding suggests that the distinction of both familie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meridolum Gulosum
''Meridolum gulosum'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Camaenidae. This species is endemic to Australia. Type locality, originally given by Gould 1852 as “Illawarra, New South Wales”. ''Meridolum gulosum'' is restricted to the rainforests and vine thickets of the Illawarra Escarpment south of Sydney. Ranging from Bulli Pass almost as far south as Wollongong. Meridolum gulosum is found under fallen palm fronds, wood, against rocks, bark and other debris and in leaf litter on the forest floor. Recent research has indicated that ''Meridolum marshalli ''Meridolum marshalli'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Camaenidae. This species is endemic to Australia. Distribution and ecology This species of land snail is restricted ...'' is genetically no different from Meridolum gulosum.Michael Shea, Australian Museum, personal communication. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pleurodontidae
Pleurodontidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Pleurodontidae Ihering, 1912. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=870597 on 2021-01-03 This family is classified within the order Stylommatophora within the superorder Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies. The family Pleurodontidae includes some American taxa that used to be included within the Australasian family Camaenidae, a taxon whose monophyly was in doubt. Anatomy Pleurodontids are defined by a missing diverticulum. However the diverticulum is partially present in the genus ''Solaropsis''. The stimulatory organ is equally missing. However, ''Solaropsis'' has in part a penial stimulator and a divided penis retractor muscle. Genera Genera within this famil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Helicoidea
Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005. * Helicidae * Bradybaenidae * Camaenidae * Cepolidae * Cochlicellidae * Elonidae * Epiphragmophoridae * Halolimnohelicidae * Helicodontidae * Helminthoglyptidae * Humboldtianidae * Hygromiidae * Monadeniidae * Pleurodontidae * Polygyridae * Sphincterochilidae * Thysanophoridae * Trissexodontidae * Xanthonychidae According to H. Nordsieck the family ''Xanthonychidae'' (sensu Hausdorf & Bouchet) is probably polyphyletic (contains several different lineages) and therefore should be divided into several families. 2012 taxonomy Thompson & Naranjo-García (2012) described a new family Echinichidae and placed it to the superfamily Xanthonychoidea.Thompson F. G. & Naranjo-García E. ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camaena
''Camaena'' is a genus of air-breathing, Asian land snails in the family Camaenidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Camaena Albers, 1850. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=835673 on 2020-07-21 Species Species within the genus ''Camaena'' include: * ''Camaena amphicora'' (Mabille, 1888) * ''Camaena billeti'' (H. Fischer, 1898) * ''Camaena choboensis'' (Mabille, 1889) * ''Camaena chuongi'' Thach, 2016 * ''Camaena cicatricosa'' (O. F. Müller, 1774) * ''Camaena connectens'' Dautzenberg & H. Fischer, 1906 * ''Camaena contractiva'' (Mabille, 1889) * ''Camaena cossignanii'' Thach, 2020 * ''Camaena delsaerdti'' Thach & F. Huber, 2018 * ''Camaena detianensis'' Zhou & Lin, 2016 * ''Camaena ducae'' Thach, 2017 * ''Camaena dugasti'' (Morlet, 1892) * ''Camaena funingensis'' W.-C. Zhou, P. Wang & J.-H. Lin, 2020 * ''Camaena gabriellae'' (Dautzenberg & d'Hammonville, 1887) * ''Camaena gaolongensis'' W.-C. Zhou, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pulmonate
Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includes many land and freshwater families, and several marine families. The taxon Pulmonata as traditionally defined was found to be polyphyletic in a molecular study per Jörger ''et al.'', dating from 2010. Pulmonata are known from the Carboniferous Period to the present. Pulmonates have a single atrium and kidney, and a concentrated, symmetrical, nervous system. The mantle cavity is located on the right side of the body, and lacks gills, instead being converted into a vascularised lung. Most species have a shell, but no operculum, although the group does also include several shell-less slugs. Pulmonates are hermaphroditic, and some groups possess love darts. Linnean taxonomy The taxonomy of this group according to the taxonomy of the Ga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Helminthoglyptidae
The Helminthoglyptinae are a subfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks within the family Xanthonychidae. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Helminthoglyptinae Pilsbry, 1939. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=994962 on 2021-02-25 This is a large and diverse group of new world snails, ranging in distribution from Alaska through North America to the West Indies, Central America, and as far south as Argentina. The shells are typically of medium to large size, with no apertural teeth but usually with a reflected apertural lip. Anatomy In the species in this family, the diverticulum may be present or absent. They possess a single dart apparatus with one stylophore (dart sac) and two mucus glands. These snails use the love dart as part of their mating behavior. In this subfamily, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 (according to the values in this t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Helicidae
Helicidae is a large, diverse family of small to large, air-breathing land snails, sometimes called the "typical snails." A number of species in this family are valued as food items, including ''Cornu aspersum'' (formerly ''Helix aspersa'') the brown or garden snail, and ''Helix pomatia'' the "escargot". The biologies of these two species in particular have been thoroughly studied and documented. Shell description The shells of these snails are mostly rather globular in shape. In some genera, such as ''Cepaea'', the shells are brightly colored and patterned. Anatomy The animal is capable of complete retraction within the shell. The tail is without a mucous gland or projection. Tryon G. W. 1887 ''Manual of conchology; structural and systematic. With illustrations of the species''. Second series: PulmonataVolume 3 Helicidae - Volume I. pag34. The mouth is always provided with a jaw, which is striate, ribbed, sulcate or plicate, sometimes composed of several imbricating piece ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caribbean
The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean) and the surrounding coasts. The region is southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and the North American mainland, east of Central America, and north of South America. Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region has more than 700 islands, islets, reefs and cays (see the list of Caribbean islands). Island arcs delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea: The Greater Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago on the north and the Lesser Antilles and the on the south and east (which includes the Leeward Antilles). They form the West Indies with the nearby Lucayan Archipelago (the Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands), which are considered to be part of the Caribbean despite not bordering the Caribbe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of convergent evolution. The arrangement of the members of a polyphyletic group is called a polyphyly .. ource for pronunciation./ref> It is contrasted with monophyly and paraphyly. For example, the biological characteristic of warm-bloodedness evolved separately in the ancestors of mammals and the ancestors of birds; "warm-blooded animals" is therefore a polyphyletic grouping. Other examples of polyphyletic groups are algae, C4 photosynthetic plants, and edentates. Many taxonomists aim to avoid homoplasies in grouping taxa together, with a goal to identify and eliminate groups that are found to be polyphyletic. This is often the stimulus for major revisions of the classification schemes. Researchers concerned more with ecology than with systema ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diverticulum
In medicine or biology, a diverticulum is an outpouching of a hollow (or a fluid-filled) structure in the body. Depending upon which layers of the structure are involved, diverticula are described as being either true or false. In medicine, the term usually implies the structure is not normally present, but in embryology, the term is used for some normal structures arising from others, as for instance the thyroid diverticulum, which arises from the tongue. The word comes from Latin ''dīverticulum'', "bypath" or "byway". Classification Diverticula are described as being true or false depending upon the layers involved: *False diverticula (also known as "pseudodiverticula") do not involve muscular layers or adventitia. False diverticula, in the gastrointestinal tract for instance, involve only the submucosa and mucosa. *True diverticula involve all layers of the structure, including muscularis propria and adventitia, such as Meckel's diverticulum. Embryology *The kidneys are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
