The Helminthoglyptinae are a
subfamily
In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
of air-breathing
land snail
A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have shells (those without shells are known as ...
s,
terrestrial
Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth.
Terrestrial may also refer to:
* Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...
pulmonate
Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includ ...
gastropod
The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...
mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...
s within the family
Xanthonychidae
Xanthonychidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Xanthonychidae Strebel & Pfeffer, 187 ...
.
[MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Helminthoglyptinae Pilsbry, 1939. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=994962 on 2021-02-25]
This is a large and diverse group of new world snails, ranging in distribution from
Alaska
Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S., ...
through
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...
to the
West Indies
The West Indies is a subregion of North America, surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea that includes 13 independent island countries and 18 dependencies and other territories in three major archipelagos: the Greater A ...
,
Central America
Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...
, and as far south as
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...
.
The shells are typically of medium to large size, with no
apertural teeth but usually with a reflected apertural lip.
Anatomy
In the species in this family, the
diverticulum
In medicine or biology, a diverticulum is an outpouching of a hollow (or a fluid-filled) structure in the body. Depending upon which layers of the structure are involved, diverticula are described as being either true or false.
In medicine, t ...
may be present or absent. They possess a single dart apparatus with one stylophore (dart sac) and two mucus glands. These snails use the
love dart
A love dart (also known as a gypsobelum, shooting darts, or just as darts) is a sharp, calcareous or chitinous dart which some hermaphroditic land snails and slugs create. Love darts are both formed and stored internally in a dart sac. These ...
as part of their mating behavior.
In this subfamily, the number of
haploid
Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectively ...
chromosome
A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are ...
s lies between 26 and 30 (according to the values in this table).
[Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: ''Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology''. in Barker G. M. (ed.): ]
The biology of terrestrial molluscs
'. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, . 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.
Taxonomy
The basic nomenclature and taxonomy of this large and complex subfamily of land snails has been the subject of many modifications, and the list of genera given here is applicable only when the subfamily is broadly interpreted. Many of these snail genera have been placed by various authors in more restrictively defined families, such as:
Cepolidae,
Epiphragmophoridae
Epiphragmophorinae is a subfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Xanthonychidae (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). This family has no subfamilies.
...
,
Humboldtianidae
Humboldtianidae is an American family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).
Anatomy
The anatomy of this fam ...
,
Monadeniidae
Monadeniinae is a taxonomic subfamily of small to medium-sized air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family XanthonychidaeMolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Monadenia Pilsbry, 1895. Accessed through: Worl ...
, and
Xanthonychidae
Xanthonychidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Xanthonychidae Strebel & Pfeffer, 187 ...
.
[Pilsbry, Henry A. 1939. ''Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico)''. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Monograph 3, vol. 1(1): 1-573.]
Tribes in the subfamily Helminthoglyptinae include (according to the
taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005):
*tribe
Helminthoglyptini Pilsbry, 1939
**subtribe
Helminthoglyptina Pilsbry, 1939: the mucus glands lie adjacent to the vagina or to the sheath of the dart apparatus; the ducts of the glands are provided with bulbous reservoirs.
**subtribe
Micrariontina Schileyko, 1991: the mucus glands lie adjacent to the dart sac; in part the dart apparatus is missing.
*tribe
Sonorelicini Roth, 1996
Subfamily
Sonorellinae Pilsbry, 1939: the diverticulum and the dart apparatus are absent.
Genera
ITIS
The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) is an American partnership of federal agencies designed to provide consistent and reliable information on the taxonomy of biological species. ITIS was originally formed in 1996 as an interagenc ...
listed 16 genera under Helminthoglyptidae.
"BioLib" biological library; accessed 17 Apr. 2008.WoRMS Worms may refer to:
*Worm, an invertebrate animal with a tube-like body and no limbs
Places
*Worms, Germany, a city
**Worms (electoral district)
*Worms, Nebraska, U.S.
*Worms im Veltlintal, the German name for Bormio, Italy
Arts and entertainme ...
added the two genera ''Greggelix'' and ''Micrarionta'', as well as dividing the subfamily into two tribes.They are listed below:
* Helminthoglyptini Pilsbry, 1939
** '' Cahuillus'' B. Roth, 1996
** '' Chamaearionta'' S.S. Berry, 1930
** '' Eremarionta'' Pilsbry, 1913
** '' Eremariontoides'' W.B. Miller, 1981
** '' Greggelix'' W.B. Miller, 1972
** '' Helminthoglypta'' Ancey, 1887 - type genus of the family Helminthoglyptidae and subtribe Helminthoglyptina
** '' Herpeteros'' Berry, 1947
** '' Micrarionta'' Ancey, 1880 - type genus of the subtribe Micrariontina
** '' Martirelix'' W.B. Miller, 1982
** '' Noyo'' Roth, 1996
** '' Plesarionta'' Pilsbry, 1939
** '' Rothelix'' Miller, 1985
** '' Sonorelix'' Berry, 1943 - was listed as type genus of the tribe Sonorelicini
** ''Xerarionta
''Xerarionta'' is a genus of land snails in the family Helminthoglyptidae.
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus ''Xerarionta'':
*'' Xerarionta agnesae''
*'' Xerarionta areolata''
*†'' Xerarionta constenii''
*'' Xerarion ...
'' Pilsbry, 1913
* Sonorellini Pilsbry, 1939
** '' Maricopella'' Roth, 1996
** '' Mohavelix'' Berry, 1943
** '' Myotophallus'' Pilsbry, 1939
** '' Sonorella'' Pilsbry, 1900 - was listed as type genus of the subfamily Sonorellinae (now Sonorellini)
Genera listed below has an unknown origin:
* '' Averellia'' Ancey, 1887
* '' Cepolis'' Montfort, 1810
* '' Dialeuca'' Albers, 1850
* '' Hemitrochus'' Swainson, 1840
* '' Humboldtiana'' Ihering, 1892
* '' Leptarionta'' Fischer & Crosse, 1872
* '' Polymita'' Beck, 1837
* '' Setipellis'' Pilsbry, 1926
* '' Tryonigens'' Pilsbry, 1927
The taxon listed below was moved into another taxon:
* '' Xanthonyx'' Crosse & Fischer, 1867: Now under Xanthonychidae
Xanthonychidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Xanthonychidae Strebel & Pfeffer, 187 ...
.
References
External links
{{Taxonbar, from1=Q99543108, from2=Q1399733