Bradybaeninae is a taxonomic subfamily of medium-sized to small land snails,

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...

pulmonate gastropod

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

s in the family

Camaenidae Camaenidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea, the typical snails and their allies. This is one of the most diverse families in the clade Stylommatophora. Th ...

, superfamily

Helicoidea Helicoidea is a taxonomic superfamily of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the clade Stylommatophora. Taxonomy 2005 taxonomy There are 19 families within the superfamily Helicoidea according to the ta ...

.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Bradybaeninae Pilsbry, 1934 (1898). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=994780 on 2021-02-08 These snails are found mainly in

Asia Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an are ...

, with only one species occurring in Northwestern

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...

: '' Fruticicola fruticum''. The name of the subfamily and the genus ''Bradybaena'' is derived from the Greek words ''bradus'' (= slow) and ''baino'' (= walk), meaning "slow walker". Molecular phylogenetic studies from 2007 showed that bradybaenids are closely related with the

, which are currently recognized as a distinct family. In these studies both Bradybaenidae and

are mutually

polyphyletic A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of conver ...

, together forming a monophyletic group, however. This finding suggests that the distinction of both families as based essentially on the absence (Camaenidae) or presence (Bradybaenidae) of a diverticulum, is arbitrary. This anatomical structure was apparently lost (or was gained) in several groups in

convergence Convergence may refer to: Arts and media Literature *''Convergence'' (book series), edited by Ruth Nanda Anshen *Convergence (comics), "Convergence" (comics), two separate story lines published by DC Comics: **A four-part crossover storyline that ...

and is therefore not suitable for the delimitation of natural groups.

Anatomy

Some genera of snails in this family create and use

love dart A love dart (also known as a gypsobelum, shooting darts, or just as darts) is a sharp, calcareous or chitinous dart which some hermaphroditic land snails and slugs create. Love darts are both formed and stored internally in a dart sac. These ...

s as part of their mating behavior. The dart sac contains one to two glands. They are also defined by missing a diverticulum. In this subfamily, the number of haploid

chromosome A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are ...

s lies between 26 and 30 (according to the values in this table).Barker G. M.: Gastropods on Land: ''Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology''. in Barker G. M. (ed.):
The biology of terrestrial molluscs
'. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, . 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.

Taxonomy

The following two subfamilies were recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005): * subfamily Bradybaeninae Pilsbry, 1924 ** tribe Aegistini Kuroda & Habe, 1949 ** tribe Bradybaenini Pilsbry, 1934 - synonyms: Eulotidae Möllendorff, 1898; Fruticicolinae Kobelt, 1904; Buliminopsinae Hoffmann, 1928 ** tribe Euhadrini Habe, Okutani & Nishiwaki, 1994 * subfamily Helicostylinae Ihering, 1909 - synonyms: Pfeifferiinae Gray, 1855; Cochlostylidae Möllendorff, 1890 The new taxonomy of the gastropods, published in 2017 and accepted by

WoRMS Worms may refer to: *Worm, an invertebrate animal with a tube-like body and no limbs Places *Worms, Germany Worms () is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, situated on the Upper Rhine about south-southwest of Frankfurt am Main. It had ...

, includes these subfamilies within the family

Genera

Genera within the subfamily Bradybaeninae include: subfamily Bradybaeninae - they are defined by the presence of two divided glands with one to two accessory sacs.
tribe Aegistini * ''

Aegista ''Aegista'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Camaenidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Aegista Albers, 1850. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www ...

'' Albers, 1850 * '' Coelorus'' Pilsbry, 1900 * '' Lepidopisum'' Habe, 1957 * ''

Mandarina ''Mandarina'' is a genus of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Bradybaenidae. ''Mandarina'' have been traditionally placed within Camaenidae.Nesiohelix'' Kuroda & Emura, 1943 - for example '' Nesiohelix swinhoei'' * '' Plecteulota'' Moellendorff, 1892 * '' Plectotropis'' - for example '' Plectotropis mackensii'' * '' Trishoplita'' Jacobi, 1898 tribe Bradybaenini * '' Acusta'' E. von Martens, 1860 * '' Ainohelix'' Kuroda & Taki, 1933 * '' Apatetes'' Gude, 1914 * '' Armandiella'' Ancey, 1901 * '' Bradybaena'' Beck, 1837 - for example: ''

Bradybaena similaris ''Bradybaena similaris'', the Asian trampsnail, is a species of small, invasive land snail. It is a pulmonate gastropod terrestrial mollusc in the family Bradybaenidae. It earned the common name based on its origins, and its habit of roosting on ...

'', the Asian trampsnail * '' Buliminidius'' Heude, 1890 * '' Cathaica'' Moellendorff, 1884 * '' Chosenelix'' Pilsbry, 1927 * '' Coccoglypta'' Pilsbry, 1895 * '' Ezohelix'' Kuroda & Emura, 1938 * '' Fruticicola'' Held, 1838 - for example '' Fruticicola fruticum'' * '' Grabauia'' Yen, 1935 * '' Karaftohelix'' Pilsbry, 1927 * '' Kugitangia'' Schileyko, Pazilov & Abdulazizova, 2017 * '' Laeocathaica'' Moellendorff, 1899 * '' Metodontia'' Möllendorff, 1886 * '' Mikiria'' Godwin-Austen, 1918 * '' Neofruticicola'' Schileyko, Pazilov & Abdulazizova, 2020 * '' Neseulota'' Ehrmann, 1911 * '' Paraegista'' Kuroda & Azuma, 1951 * '' Phaeohelix'' Kuroda & Habe, 1949 * '' Ponsadenia'' Schileyko, 1978 * '' Pseudiberus'' Ancey, 1887 * '' Pseudobuliminus'' Gredler, 1886 - for example '' Pseudobuliminus incertus'' * ''

Rudens ''Rudens'' is a play by Roman author Plautus. Its name translates from Latin as 'The Rope'. It is a comedy, which describes how a girl, Palaestra, stolen from her parents by pirates, is reunited with her father, Daemones, ironically, by means o ...

'' Heude, 1890 * '' Secusana'' Gredler, 1894 * '' Semibuliminus'' Möllendorff, 1899 * '' Stenogyropsis'' Möllendorff, 1899 * '' Stilpnodiscus'' Möllendorff, 1899 * '' Trichobradybaena'' M. Wu & J.-Y. Guo, 2003 * '' Trichocathaica'' Gude, 1919 tribe Euhadrini * '' Euhadra'' Pilsbry, 1890 subfamily Helicostylinae - they are defined by the presence of one gland that is being inserted without accessory sac (''Tricheulota group'') or with accessory sac (''Helicostyla group''). * '' Calocochlia'' Hartmann, 1840 ('' nomen nudum'') * '' Canistrum'' Mörch, 1852 *''

Cochlostyla ''Cochlostyla'' is a genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Camaenidae, subfamily Helicostylinae.MolluscaBase (2020). MolluscaBase. Cochlostyla A. Férussac, 1821. Accessed through: ...

'' Pilsbry, 1895 * '' Dryocochlias'' Möllendorff, 1898 *''

Helicostyla ''Helicostyla'' is a genus of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Helicostylinae of the family Camaenidae. ''Helicostyla'' is the type genus of the subfamily Helicostyli ...

'' Férussac, 1821 *'' Phoenicobius'' Mörch, 1852 * '' Tricheulota'' Pilsbry, 1895 The genus '' Monadenia'' Pilsbry, 1895 used to be placed in this family,
Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) Bradybaenidae Taxonomic Serial No.: 77713 cited 18 July 2007 but it has been moved to the family

Xanthonychidae Xanthonychidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Helicoidea. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Xanthonychidae Strebel & Pfeffer, 187 ...

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q1818076