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Scotokaryotes
The Scotokaryotes (Cavalier-Smith) is a proposed basal Neokaryotes, Neokaryote clade as sister of the Diaphoretickes. Basal Scotokaryote groupings are the Metamonads, the Malawimonas and the Podiata. In this phylogeny the Discoba are sometimes seen as Paraphyly, paraphyletic and basal eukaryotes. An alternative to the Unikont–Bikont division was suggested by Derelle ''et al.'' in 2015, where they proposed the acronyms Opimoda–Diphoda respectively, as substitutes to the older terms (Opimoda includes the old 'unikonts', plus some former bikonts; Diphoda includes most of the old 'bikonts', but not all). The name Opimoda is formed from the letters (shown in capitals) of opisthokont, OPIsthokonta and amoebozoa, aMOebozoa. In this phylogeny Discoba belongs to the Diphoda clade. Taxonomy A proposed cladogram is See also *Diphoda References {{Taxonbar, from=Q21399998 Eukaryote taxa Scotokaryotes, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Podiata
Podiates (Cavalier-Smith, 2012, excl. Ancyromonadida) are a proposed clade containing the Amorphea (incl. Opisthokonta, Amoebozoa, apusomonads and breviates) and the organisms now assigned to the clade CRuMs. Ancyromonadida does not appear to have emerged in this grouping. Sarcomastigota (Cavalier-Smith, 1983) is a proposed subkingdom (currently shown to be paraphyletic) that includes all the podiates that are ''not'' animals or fungi. Sulcozoa (Cavalier-Smith, 2012) is a proposed phylum (currently shown to be paraphyletic) within Sarcomastigota that does not include the phyla Amoebozoa (clade In biology, a clade (), also known as a Monophyly, monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that is composed of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. Clades are the fundamental unit of cladistics, a modern approach t ...) and Choanozoa (paraphyletic), i.e. it includes the proposed subphyla Apusozoa and Varisulca.. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bikont
A bikont ("two flagella") is any of the eukaryotic organisms classified in the group Bikonta. Many single-celled and multi-celled organisms are members of the group, and these, as well as the presumed ancestor, have two flagella. Enzymes Another shared trait of bikonts is the fusion of two genes into a single unit: the genes for thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) encode a single protein with two functions. The genes are separately translated in unikonts. Relationships Some research suggests that a unikont (a eukaryotic cell with a single flagellum) was the ancestor of opisthokonts (Animals, Fungi, and related forms) and Amoebozoa, and a bikont was the ancestor of Archaeplastida (Plants and relatives), Excavata, Rhizaria, and Chromalveolata. Cavalier-Smith has suggested that Apusozoa, which are typically considered ''incertae sedis'', are in fact bikonts. Relationships within the bikonts are not yet clear. Cavalier-Smith has grouped the Excavata ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neokaryotes
The neokaryotes (Cavalier-Smith 1993) are a proposed eukaryote clade consisting of the unikonts and the bikonts as sister of for instance the Jakobea. It arises because the Euglenozoa, Percolozoa, Tsukubea, and Jakobea are seen in this view as more basal eukaryotes. These four groups, are traditionally grouped together in the Discoba. However, the Discoba may well be paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ... as the neokaryotes may have emerged in them. The group was recovered as a monophyletic group in a later analysis, Al Jewari and Baldauf (2023). Taxonomy A proposed cladogram is References Eukaryote taxa {{Eukaryote-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Orthokaryotes
The Orthokaryotes (Cavalier-Smith 2017) are a proposed Eukaryote clade consisting of the Jakobea and the Neokaryotes. Together with its sister Discicristata it forms a basal Eukaryote clade. They are characterized by stacked Golgi, orthogonal centriole In cell biology a centriole is a cylindrical organelle composed mainly of a protein called tubulin. Centrioles are found in most eukaryotic cells, but are not present in conifers ( Pinophyta), flowering plants ( angiosperms) and most fungi, an ...s, and two opposite posterior ciliary roots. Taxonomy A proposed cladogram is References Eukaryote taxa Orthokaryotes, {{Eukaryote-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malawimonas
''Malawimonas'' is genus of unicellular, heterotrophic flagellates with uncertain phylogenetic affinities. They have variably being assigned to Excavata and Loukozoa. Recent studies suggest they may be closely related to the Podiata. Discovery history In 1993, Charles J O’ Kelly studied the jakobid groups flagellates and implications for the early diversification of eukaryotes and recognized that ''Jakoba, Reclimonas,'' and ''Histonia'', often referred to as “core jakobids” were morphologically somewhat similar. Interestingly, they included an unnamed and undescribed free-swimming, flagellate, and also groove- bearing cell. During the early study, these cells were thought to be a member from ''Jakoba'' due to the external morphology features that resembles ''Jakoba libera'' in terms of lack of cell covering, sessile trophic stages, swimming in a similar manner and sharing the tendency for the anterior flagellum to form a “crook. However, later discovery found that this ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jakobea
Jakobida is an order (sole order in the class Jakobea) of free-living, heterotrophic, flagellar eukaryotes in the clade Discoba. They are small (less than 15 μm), and can be found in aerobic and anaerobic environments. The order Jakobida, believed to be monophyletic, consists of only twenty species at present, and was classified as a group in 1993. There is ongoing research into the mitochondrial genomes of jakobids, which are unusually large and bacteria-like, evidence that jakobids may be important to the evolutionary history of eukaryotes. Molecular phylogenetic evidence suggests strongly that jakobids are most closely related to Heterolobosea and Euglenozoa. Description Jakobids have two flagella, inserted in the anterior end of the cell, and, like other members of order Excavata, have a ventral feeding groove and associated cytoskeleton support. The posterior flagella has a dorsal vane and is aligned within the ventral groove, where it generates a current that the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giardia Lamblia
''Giardia duodenalis'', also known as ''Giardia intestinalis'' and ''Giardia lamblia'', is a flagellated Parasitism, parasitic protozoan microorganism of the genus ''Giardia'' that colonizes the small intestine, causing a diarrheal condition known as giardiasis. The parasite attaches to the intestinal epithelium by a ventral disc (''syn''. sucker (zoology), adhesive disc or sucker), and reproduction, reproduces via Fission (biology)#Binary_fission, binary fission. ''G. duodenalis'' is a non-invasive parasite, that does not spread to other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, but remains confined to the lumen (anatomy), lumen of the small intestine. The parasite exists in two forms; Trophozoite, trophozoites and Microbial cyst, cysts. The microorganism can undergo encystation, transforming into a dormant Microbial cyst, cyst that enables it to survive outside of its Host (biology), host. ''Giardia'' trophozoites are Anaerobic organism, anaerobic, and absorb their nutrients from th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Loukozoa
Loukozoa (From Greek ''loukos'': groove) is a proposed taxon used in some classifications of eukaryotes, consisting of the Metamonada and Malawimonadea. Ancyromonads are closely related to this group, as sister of the entire group, or as sister of the Metamonada. Amorphea may have emerged in this grouping, specifically as sister of the Malawimonads. Originally, Loukozoa included Anaeromonadea and Jakobea. In 2013, it consisted of three subphyla: Eolouka ( Tsukubea and Jakobea), Metamonada and Neolouka ('' Malawimonas''). In 2018, Cavalier-Smith has removed Eolouka from Loukozoa, placing it instead in Discoba Excavata is an obsolete, extensive and diverse Paraphyly, paraphyletic group of unicellular Eukaryote, Eukaryota. The group was first suggested by Simpson and Patterson in 1999 and the name latinized and assigned a rank by Thomas Cavalier-Smit .... With the root of the Eukaryota likely close to or in Loukozoa or Discoba, these groupings are studied to give unique i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malawimonad
Malawimonads (order Malawimonadida) are a small group of microorganisms with a basal position in the evolutionary tree of eukaryotes, containing only three recognized species. They're considered part of a paraphyletic group known as "Excavata". Evolution It is clear that the malawimonads are a monophyletic clade at the base of Eukaryota, but there is no consensus on the specific relationships between other basal groups, such as Discoba, Metamonada, Ancyromonadida and Podiata. The sister group to Malawimonadida varies greatly between analyses. Some phylogenetic analyses find Malawimonadida as the sister group to Podiata. Other analyses recover Malawimonadida as the sister group of Discoba or Metamonada. Very few modern analyses recover the three clades, Malawimonadida, Discoba and Metamonada, as a monophyletic Excavata. Taxonomy History The malawimonads were first described as order Malawimonadida in 2003 by Thomas Cavalier-Smith. In 2013 they were also described as a class ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Percolomonas Sp
''Percolomonas'' is a genus of free-living flagellate Heteroloboseans, forming a clade with ''Stephanopogon''. The genus includes six described species (see infobox). However, ''P. cosmopolitus'' is likely a species complex containing multiple cryptic species of extremely similar morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines *Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts *Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies, ... but significant genetic divergence. References Percolozoa Discoba genera {{Excavata-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
