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Doping Cases In Athletics
The use of performance-enhancing drugs (doping in sport) is prohibited within the sport of athletics. Athletes who are found to have used such banned substances, whether through a positive drugs test, the biological passport system, an investigation or public admission, may receive a competition ban for a length of time which reflects the severity of the infraction. Athletes who are found to have banned substances in their possession, or who tamper with or refuse to submit to drug testing can also receive bans from the sport. Competitive bans may also be given to athletes who test positive for prohibited recreational drugs or stimulants with little performance-enhancing effect for competitors in athletics. The sports body responsible for determining which substances are banned in athletics is the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Typically, any athlete who tests positive for banned substances after having served a previous ban receives a lifetime ban from the sport of athletics. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Performance-enhancing Substance
Performance-enhancing substances (PESs), also known as performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs), are substances that are used to improve any form of activity performance in humans. Many substances, such as anabolic steroids, can be used to improve athletic performance and build muscle, which in most cases is considered cheating in sports, cheating by organized athletic organizations. This usage is often referred to as doping in sport, doping. Athletic performance-enhancing substances are sometimes referred to as ergogenic aids. Cognitive performance-enhancing drugs, commonly called nootropics, are sometimes used by students to improve academic performance. Performance-enhancing substances are also used by military personnel to enhance combat performance. Definition The classifications of substances as performance-enhancing substances are not entirely clear-cut and objective. As in other types of categorization, certain Prototype theory, prototype performance enhancers are universally ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biological Passport
An athlete biological passport is an individual electronic record for professional athletes, in which profiles of biological markers of doping and results of doping tests are collated over a period of time. Doping violations can be detected by noting variances from an athlete's established levels outside permissible limits, rather than testing for and identifying illegal substances. Although the terminology ''athlete passport'' is recent, the use of biological markers of doping has a long history in anti-doping. Maybe the first marker of doping that tries to detect a prohibited substance not based on its presence in urine or blood but instead the induced deviations in biological parameters is the testosterone over epitestosterone ratio (T/E). The T/E has been used by sports authorities since the beginning of the 1980s to detect anabolic steroids in urine samples. A decade later, in 1997, markers of blood doping were introduced by some international federations, such as the Union ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chioma Ajunwa
Chioma Ajunwa-Opara (born 25 December 1970) – also known as Chioma Ajunwa – is a Nigerian former track and field athlete and football player, notable for being the first Nigerian to win Olympic gold at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, and the first black African woman to win an Olympic gold medal in a field event. A member of the Nigerian Police Force, Ajunwa remains the only woman to compete at both the FIFA Women's World Cup as a footballer and the Olympics as a track and field athlete. In December 2017, Ajunwa launched the Chioma Ajunwa-Okpara Foundation to discover new Nigerian stars in sports. The Foundation, in collaboration with the Abia State government, sponsored an Under-16 Athletics Championship for Secondary Schools in March 2018. Early life Born into what she describes as "a very poor home", Ahiazu-Mbaise-native Ajunwa was the last of nine children, with six brothers and two sisters. Her father died while she was still young, leaving his wife to solely su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seltana Aït Hammou
Seltana Aït Hammou (Arabic: سلطانة آيت حمو; born 21 May 1980) is a Morocco, Moroccan middle-distance runner who specialises in the 800 metres. She represented her country at the 2004 Summer Olympics and has also competed at the World Championships in Athletics and the IAAF World Indoor Championships. She has also been the gold medallist at number of major events including the 2001 Mediterranean Games, the 2003 Military World Games, the 2007 Pan Arab Games and the 2009 Jeux de la Francophonie. She received a one-year ban from the sport of athletics (sport), athletics in 2008 for missing three doping tests. She is the sister of Mina Aït Hammou, another successful Moroccan middle-distance athlete. Career Born in Kenitra, she made her first international appearance for Morocco at the 1998 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, where she was sixtieth in the long race. She was twelfth in the 10,000 metres at the 1998 World Junior Championships in Athletics and competed i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amina Aït Hammou
Amina Aït Hammou (; born 18 July 1978 in Kenitra) is a Moroccan runner who specializes in the 800 metres. Her personal best time is 1:57.82 minutes, achieved in July 2003 in Rome. She received a year-long ban from competition in 2008 after missing three tests. (28 August 2008). Retrieved on 2011-01-28. Achievements See also *List of doping cases in athletics
The use of performance-enhancing drugs (doping in sport) is prohibited within the sport of athletics. Athlet ...
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Alessandra Aguilar
Alessandra Aguilar Morán (born 1 July 1978 in Lugo) is a Spanish long-distance runner who specialises in marathon running. She represented her country in the event at the 2008 Summer Olympics and at the World Championships in Athletics the following year and then at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the World Championships following that. Before focusing on the marathon, she competed mainly in cross country running competitions. She represented Spain at the IAAF World Cross Country Championships every year from 2000 to 2010, with the sole exception of 2007. Her best finish was twenty-fourth place at the 2009 edition.Aguilar Alessandra . Retrieved on 2 December 2010. She won a team |
Funke Adeoye
Funke Adeoye is a Nigerianinternational human rights lawyer, social entrepreneur, Young Global Leader, and founder of Hope Behind Bars Africa. Funke established Nigeria's first social enterprise focused on reducing recidivism by providing vocational and educational skills to women and young people in prisons. She was the first Waislitz Award winner on criminal justice issues Early life Funke Adeoye was born in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, and grew up in Lagos. She obtained an LLB from the University of Benin (Nigeria) and an MSc in International Human Rights Law from the University of Oxford. Additionally, she completed an Executive Certificate in Civic Engagement from the University of Georgia and a Certificate in Non-profit Leadership from the Lagos Business School's Sustainability Centre. Career Funke is the founder of Hope Behind Bars Africa, a social impact organisation working to close the justice gap in Nigeria using legal aid, evidence-based advocacy, data, and tech ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metenolone
Metenolone, or methenolone, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) which is used in the form of esters such as metenolone acetate (brand name Primobolan, Nibal) and metenolone enanthate (brand name Primobolan Depot, Nibal Injection). Metenolone esters are used mainly in the treatment of anemia due to bone marrow failure. Metenolone acetate is taken by mouth, while metenolone enanthate is given by injection into muscle. Side effects of metenolone esters include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, voice changes, and increased sexual desire. Metenolone esters are synthetic androgens and anabolic steroids and hence are agonists of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). They have moderate anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects, as well as no estrogenic effects or risk of liver damage. Metenolone esters are androgen esters and prodrugs of metenolone in the body. Meten ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tosin Adeloye
Tosin Adeloye (born 7 February 1996) is a Nigerian sprinter. She competed in the 400 metres event at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China. Doping ban Adeloye tested positive for the anabolic steroid Metenolone Metenolone, or methenolone, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) which is used in the form of esters such as metenolone acetate (brand name Primobolan, Nibal) and metenolone enanthate (brand name Primobolan Depot, Nibal Injection). Meten ... at the National Sports Festival in Lagos in December 2012, at the age of 16, and was subsequently banned from sports for two years. The ban ended 6 January 2015. She received a second ban for eight years after another failed test in 2016.Akpodonor, Gowon (2 June 2016)Nigerian athlete, Adeloye, fails drug test, bags eight-year ban ''Guardian Nigeria''. Retrieved on 7 August 2016. References External links * 1996 births Living people Place of birth missing (living people) Nigerian female s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ephedrine
Ephedrine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant and sympathomimetic agent that is often used to prevent hypotension, low blood pressure during anesthesia. It has also been used for asthma, narcolepsy, and obesity but is not the preferred treatment. It is of unclear benefit in nasal congestion. It can be taken oral administration, by mouth or by intramuscular, injection into a muscle, intravenous, vein, or subcutaneous injection, just under the skin. Onset with intravenous use is fast, while injection into a muscle can take 20minutes, and by mouth can take an hour for effect. When given by injection, it lasts about an hour, and when taken by mouth, it can last up to four hours. Common side effects include insomnia, trouble sleeping, anxiety, headache, hallucinations, hypertension, high blood pressure, tachycardia, fast heart rate, decreased appetite, loss of appetite, and urinary retention. Serious side effects include stroke and myocardial infarction, heart attack. While ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibrahim Mohamed Aden
Ibrahim Mohamed Aden Gedi (born November 11, 1972) is a Somali-American former middle-distance runner who represented Somalia in international competition until he gained US citizenship in 2000, after which he competed for the United States. He is the younger brother of Jama Aden. Running career High school Aden first attended and ran for W.T. Woodson High School, for which he won the men's 1000 meters at the 1990 VHSL Group AAA State Indoor meet. After his sophomore year, however, he transferred to Fork Union Military Academy. Collegiate Aden attended and ran for George Mason University after transferring from Central Arizona CC. He ran in both the men's 800 meters and 1500 meters at the 1996 NCAA Division I Outdoor Track and Field Championships. Post-collegiate Aden ran for Somalia at the 1996 Olympics, the 1997 and 1999 World Championships in Athletics, making it to the semi-final round of the men's 1500 metres on the latter occasion. In 2000, right before that year's US ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prohormone
A prohormone is a committed precursor of a hormone consisting of peptide hormones synthesized together that has a minimal hormonal effect by itself because of its expression-suppressing structure, often created by protein folding and binding additional peptide chains to certain ends, that makes hormone receptor binding sites located on its peptide hormone chain segments inaccessible. Prohormones can travel the blood stream as a hormone in an inactivated form, ready to be activated later in the cell by post-translational modification. The body naturally produces prohormones as a way to regulate hormone expression, making them an optimal storage and transportation unit for inactive hormones. Once prohormones are needed to be expressed, prohormone convertase, a protein, cleaves the prohormones and separates them into one or more active hormones. Often in nature, this cleaving process happens immediately, and a prohormone is quickly converted to a set of one or more peptide hormone ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
