|
Comparison Of Type Systems
This is a comparison of the features of the type systems and type checking of multiple programming languages. Brief definitions * A nominal type system In computer science, a type system is a nominal or nominative type system (or name-based type system) if compatibility and equivalence of data types is determined by explicit declarations and/or the name of the types. Nominal systems are used to de ... means that the language decides whether types are compatible and/or equivalent based on explicit declarations and names. * A structural type system means that the language decides whether types are compatible and/or equivalent based on the definition and characteristics of the types. * ''Type checking'' determines whether and when types are verified. Static checking means that type errors are reported based on a program's text (source code). Dynamic checking means that type errors are reported based on a program's dynamic (run-time) behavior. Notes References {{reflist * *< ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Type System
In computer programming, a type system is a logical system comprising a set of rules that assigns a property called a type to every "term" (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols). Usually the terms are various constructs of a computer program, such as variables, expressions, functions, or modules. A type system dictates the operations that can be performed on a term. For variables, the type system determines the allowed values of that term. Type systems formalize and enforce the otherwise implicit categories the programmer uses for algebraic data types, data structures, or other components (e.g. "string", "array of float", "function returning boolean"). Type systems are often specified as part of programming languages and built into interpreters and compilers, although the type system of a language can be extended by optional tools that perform added checks using the language's original type syntax and grammar. The main purpose of a type system in a programming language ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ALGOL 58
ALGOL 58, originally named IAL, is one of the family of ALGOL computer programming languages. It was an early compromise design soon superseded by ALGOL 60. According to John Backus The Zurich ACM-GAMM Conference had two principal motives in proposing the IAL: (a) To provide a means of communicating numerical methods and other procedures between people, and (b) To provide a means of realizing a stated process on a variety of machines... ALGOL 58 introduced the fundamental notion of the compound statement, but it was restricted to control flow only, and it was not tied to identifier scope in the way that Algol 60's blocks were. Name Bauer attributes the name to Hermann Bottenbruch, who coined the term ''algorithmic language'' (algorithmische Sprache) in 1957, "at least in Germany". History There were proposals for a universal language by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and also by the German Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik ("Society of Appli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AutoHotkey
AutoHotkey is a free and open-source custom scripting language for Microsoft Windows, initially aimed at providing easy keyboard shortcuts or hotkeys, fast macro-creation and software automation that allows users of most levels of computer skill to automate repetitive tasks in any Windows application. User interfaces can easily be extended or modified by AutoHotkey (for example, overriding the default Windows control key commands with their Emacs equivalents). The AutoHotkey installation includes its own extensive help file, and web-based documentation is also available. Features AutoHotkey scripts can be used to launch programs, open documents, and emulate keystrokes or mouse clicks and movements. AutoHotkey scripts can also assign, retrieve, and manipulate variables, run loops and manipulate windows, files, and folders. These commands can be triggered by a hotkey, such as a script that would open an internet browser whenever the user presses on the keyboard. Keyboard ke ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arc (programming Language)
Arc is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp, developed by Paul Graham and Robert Morris. It is free and open-source software released under the Artistic License 2.0. History In 2001, Paul Graham announced that he was working on a new dialect of Lisp named ''Arc''. Over the years since, he has written several essays describing features or goals of the language, and some internal projects at Graham's startup business incubator named Y Combinator have been written in Arc, most notably the Hacker News web forum and news aggregator program. Arc is written in Racket. Motives In the essay ''Being Popular'' Graham describes a few of his goals for the language. While many of the goals are very general ("Arc should be hackable", "there should be good libraries"), he did give some specifics. For example, he believes it important for a language to be terse: He also stated that it is better for a language to only implement a small number of ''axioms'', even when that ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AppleScript
AppleScript is a scripting language created by Apple Inc. that facilitates automated control over scriptable Mac applications. First introduced in System 7, it is currently included in all versions of macOS as part of a package of system automation tools. The term "AppleScript" may refer to the language itself, to an individual script written in the language, or, informally, to the macOS Open Scripting Architecture that underlies the language. Overview AppleScript is primarily a scripting language developed by Apple to do inter-application communication (IAC) using Apple events. AppleScript is related to, but different from, Apple events. Apple events are designed to exchange data between and control other applications in order to automate repetitive tasks. AppleScript has some processing abilities of its own, in addition to sending and receiving Apple events to applications. AppleScript can do basic calculations and text processing, and is extensible, allowing the use of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
APL (programming Language)
APL (named after the book ''A Programming Language'') is a programming language developed in the 1960s by Kenneth E. Iverson. Its central datatype is the Array data type#Multi-dimensional arrays, multidimensional array. It uses a large range of APL syntax and symbols, special graphic symbols to represent most functions and operators, leading to very concise code. It has been an important influence on the development of concept modeling, spreadsheets, functional programming, and computer math packages. It has also inspired several other programming languages. History Mathematical notation A mathematical notation for manipulating arrays was developed by Kenneth E. Iverson, starting in 1957 at Harvard University. In 1960, he began work for IBM where he developed this notation with Adin Falkoff and published it in his book ''A Programming Language'' in 1962. The preface states its premise: This notation was used inside IBM for short research reports on computer systems, such as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AngelScript
AngelScript is a game-oriented compiled scripting language. AngelScript features static typing, object handles (similar to C++ pointers but garbage collected via reference counting), object-orientation, single inheritance, multiple inheritance with interfaces. Allows operators to be registered and overloaded. AngelScript can be used with any C++ IDE, such as NetBeans, Geany, and Eclipse. C and C++ functions can be called within an AngelScript environment. AngelScript's class syntax closely follows C++ classes by design: no proxy functions are required to embed AngelScript in C++ applications easing the two languages integration. There are several differences of AngelScript and C++: * AngelScript does not support multiple inheritance. Multiple-inheritance functionality may be achieved with Interfaces. * It is impossible to declare methods or properties outside of the class body. * All methods (including constructors and destructors) are virtual. AngelScript is used in video ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AMOS (programming Language)
AMOS BASIC is a dialect of the BASIC programming language for the Amiga computer. Following on from the successful STOS BASIC for the Atari ST, AMOS BASIC was written for the Amiga by François Lionet with Constantin Sotiropoulos and published by Europress Software in 1990. History AMOS competed on the Amiga platform with Acid Software's Blitz BASIC. Both BASICs differed from other dialects on different platforms, in that they allowed the easy creation of fairly demanding multimedia software, with full structured code and many high-level functions to load images, animations, sounds and display them in various ways. The original AMOS was a BASIC interpreter which, whilst working fine, suffered the same disadvantages of any language being run interpretively. By all accounts, AMOS was extremely fast among interpreted languages, being speedy enough that an extension called AMOS 3D could produce playable 3D games even on plain 7 MHz 68000 Amigas. Later, an AMOS compiler ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alma-0
Alma-0 is a multi-paradigm computer programming language. This language is an augmented version of the imperative Modula-2 language with logic-programming features and convenient backtracking ability. It is small, strongly typed, and combines constraint programming, a limited number of features inspired by logic programming and supports imperative paradigms. The language advocates declarative programming. The designers claim that search-oriented solutions built with it are substantially simpler than their counterparts written in purely imperative or logic programming style. Alma-0 provides natural, high-level constructs for building search trees. Overview Since the designers of Alma-0 wanted to create a distinct and substantially simpler proposal than prior attempts to integrate declarative programming constructs (such as automatic backtracking) into imperative programming, the design of Alma-0 was guided by four principles: * The logic-based extension should be ''downward'' com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alice (programming Language)
Alice ML is a programming language designed by the Programming Systems Laboratory at Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany. It is a Dialect (computing), dialect of Standard ML, augmented with support for lazy evaluation, Concurrency (computer science), concurrency (thread (computer science), multithreading and distributed computing via remote procedure calls) and constraint programming. Overview Alice extends Standard ML in a number of ways that distinguish it from its predecessor. Alice provides concurrency features as part of the base language through the use of a ''Futures and promises, future'' type that represents a value being provided by an independent thread of execution. A thread that uses a future value will block on an attempt to access the value until the thread performing it has completed the computation. A related concept is also provided termed a ''Futures and promises, promise'', allowing a thread to provide a future value that it will compute to another t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ALGOL W
ALGOL W is a programming language. It is based on a proposal for ALGOL X by Niklaus Wirth and Tony Hoare as a successor to ALGOL 60. ALGOL W is a relatively simple upgrade of the original ALGOL 60, adding string, bitstring, complex number and reference to record data types and call-by-result passing of parameters, introducing the while statement, replacing switch with the case statement, and generally tightening up the language. Wirth's entry was considered too little of an advance over ALGOL 60, and the more complex entry from Adriaan van Wijngaarden was selected in a highly contentious meeting. Wirth later published his version as ''A contribution to the development of ALGOL''. With a number of small additions, this eventually became ALGOL W. Wirth supervised a high quality implementation for the IBM System/360 at Stanford University that was widely distributed. (Various documents for Stanford's 1972 implementation of ALGOL W; this report includes the ''ALGOL W Language Des ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
_logo.svg "Click for more on -> APL (programming Language)"){kind=logo}