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Colubroidea
Colubroidea is a superfamily of snakes in the clade Colubroides that includes Colubridae, with some studies splitting Colubridae into multiple families that make up Colubroidea. Historically, Colubroidea also included other caenophidian snakes such as cobras and vipers, as these snakes form a clade. However these groups are now divided into several distinct, but related, families. Zaher et al. (2009) proposed to redefine Colubroidea for colubrids and related families, while designating Colubroides as the group containing vipers and cobras as well as colubroids. The ReptileDatabase considers Colubroidea to be composed of Colubridae and the members of its sister group, Elapoidea, and does not recognize the division of Colubridae into multiple families. Classification Phylogeny Families and Subfamilies Usual taxonomy: * Family: Colubridae Oppel, 1811 ** Subfamily: Grayiinae Günther, 1858 ** Subfamily: Calamariinae Bonaparte, 1838 ** Subfamily: Ahaetullinae Figueroa, McKelvy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colubroides
The Colubroides are a clade in the suborder Serpentes ( snakes). It contains over 85% of all the extant species of snakes. The largest family is Colubridae, but it also includes at least six other families, at least four of which were once classified as "Colubridae" before molecular phylogenetics helped in understanding their relationships. It has been found to be monophyletic. Morphological synapomorphies are defined as such from Zaher et al. (2009): Loss of the right carotid artery; intercostal arteries arising from the dorsal aorta throughout the trunk at intervals of several body segments; specialized expanded costal cartilages; presence of a muscle protractor laryngeus; separate muscle protractor quadrati; separate spinalis and semispinalis portion in the epaxial trunk; spinules or spines covering the hemipenial body. Traditionally, the name "Colubroidea Colubroidea is a superfamily of snakes in the clade Colubroides that includes Colubridae, with some studies spl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dipsadinae
Dipsadinae is a large subfamily of colubroid snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Dipsadidae). They are found in most of the Americas, including the West Indies, and are most diverse in South America. There are more than 700 species. Dipsadinae are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of mostly small to moderate-sized snakes (typically less than in total length). Some are arboreal, but others are aquatic or terrestrial and may even burrow. Most are oviparous. Many eat frogs or lizards, and some consume mammals and birds. Several genera (e.g. '' Adelphicos'', '' Atractus'', ''Geophis'', ''Dipsas'', ''Ninia'', '' Sibon'', ''Sibynomorphus'', ''Tropidodipsas'') are specialized feeders on gooey and slimy prey, such as frog eggs, earthworms, snails, and slugs. Almost all species are completely harmless to humans, although a few genera (e.g. ''Borikenophis'', '' Cubophis'', ''Heterodon'', ''Hydrodynastes'', ''Philodryas'') have inflicted painful bites with local, no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elapoidea
The Elapoidea are a Superfamily (biology), superfamily of snakes in the clade Colubroides, traditionally comprising the families Lamprophiidae and Elapidae. Advanced genomic sequence studies, however, have found lamprophiids to be paraphyletic in respect to elapids. In describing the subfamily Cyclocorinae, Weinell et al. (2017) suggested some or all subfamilies of Lamprophiidae should be reevaluated at full family status as a way to prevent the alternative, which is classifying them as elapids. This was followed in later studies such as Zaher et al. (2019). The Reptile Database considers Elapoidea to be synonymous with its sister group Colubroidea (in contrast to other studies that distinguish between both), as it does not recognize the division of Colubridae into multiple families that comprise Colubroidea, and thus instead considers Colubroidea to be composed of Colubridae + the multiple families comprising Elapoidea. Below is the phylogeny of Elapoidea after Weinell et al. ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caenophidia
The Caenophidia are a derived clade of alethinophidian snakes, which contains over 80% of all the extant species of snakes. The largest family is Colubridae, but it also includes at least seven other families, at least four of which were once classified as "Colubridae" before molecular phylogenetics helped us understand their relationships. It has been found to be monophyletic. Although the Caenophidia previously was held to exclude Acrochordidae, researchers have recognized that acrochordids share several traits with the other caenophidians. Hence Caenophidia is usually considered to comprise Acrochordidae plus more the more derived snakes classified as Colubroidea. Recent molecular studies have also found the families Xenophidiidae and Bolyeriidae to be closely related to caenophidians, forming the sister group to Caenophidia rather than being part of Henophidia. Below is a phylogeny of the Caenophidia based on analyses from several studies: References Alethino ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colubridae
Colubridae (, commonly known as colubrids , from la, coluber, 'snake') is a family of snakes. With 249 genera, it is the largest snake family. The earliest species of the family date back to the Oligocene epoch. Colubrid snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica. Description While most colubrids are not venomous (or have venom that is not known to be harmful to humans) and are mostly harmless, a few groups, such as genus ''Boiga'', can produce medically significant injuries. In addition, the boomslang, the twig snakes, and the Asian genus ''Rhabdophis'' have caused human fatalities. Some colubrids are described as opisthoglyphous (often called "rear-fanged"), meaning they have elongated, grooved teeth located in the back of their upper jaws. It is likely that opisthoglyphous dentition evolved many times in the history of snakes and is an evolutionary precursor to the fangs of vipers and elapids, which are located in the front of the mouth. Classification In the pas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudoxenodontinae
Pseudoxenodontinae is a small subfamily of colubroid snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Pseudoxenodontidae). They are found in southern and southeastern Asia, from northeast India to southern China (including Taiwan) and south into Indonesia as far east as Wallace's Line. There are 10 species in 2 genera. Most are very poorly known, such that Pseudoxenodontinae is one of the most poorly known groups of snakes. Pseudoxenodontine snakes are small to medium-sized egg-laying snakes. Shared features of the hemipenes between ''Pseudoxenodon'' and ''Plagiopholis'' first described in 1987, were later backed up by evidence from DNA in the early-2010s. There are many differences between the two genera. ''Pseudoxenodon'' seem to be found along streams in wet forests, whereas ''Plagiopholis'' are apparently found in grasses, bushes, and riprap. ''Pseudoxenodon'' eat frogs and lizards and ''Plagiopholis'' eat earthworms. ''Plagiopholis'' (20 to 40 cm total length) are smaller than '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colubrinae
The Colubrinae are a subfamily of the family Colubridae of snakes. It includes numerous genera, and although taxonomic sources often disagree on the exact number, The Reptile Database lists 717 species in 92 genera as of September 2019. It is the second largest subfamily of colubrids, after Dipsadinae. Many of the most commonly known snakes are members of this subfamily, including rat snakes, king snakes, milk snakes, vine snakes, and indigo snakes. Colubrine snakes are distributed worldwide, with the highest diversity in North America, Asia, northern Africa, and the Middle East. There are relatively few species of colubrine snakes in Europe, South America, Australia, and southern Africa, and none in Madagascar, the Caribbean, or the Pacific Islands. Colubrine snakes are extremely morphologically and ecologically diverse. Many are terrestrial, and there are specialized fossorial (e.g. ''Tantilla'') and arboreal (e.g. ''Oxybelis'') groups, but no truly aquatic groups. Some of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sibynophiinae
Sibynophiinae is a small subfamily of colubroid snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Sibynophiidae). This group has also been called Scaphiodontophiinae but since the name Sibynophiinae is older, it has priority. They are commonly called hinged-teeth snakes. Sibynophiine snakes are between 30 and 100 cm in total length as adults, depending on the species. They have extremely long tails, up to half of the total length. They are non-venomous and eat mostly lizards. These snakes possess several unique features, including numerous small, spatulate, hinged maxillary teeth, a specialization that allows grasping and feeding on hard-bodied prey such as skinks, and the presence of fracture planes between caudal vertebrae that allow them to easily break parts of their tails in a fashion similar to many lizards (although they cannot regrow their tails). ''Scaphiodontophis'' are also unusual in being partial coral snake mimics: the front and sometimes the rear parts of their bodi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natricinae
The Natricinae are a subfamily of colubroid snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Natricidae). The subfamily comprises 37 genera. Members include many very common snake species, such as the European grass snakes, and the North American water snakes and garter snakes. Some Old World members of the subfamily are known as keelbacks, because their dorsal scales exhibit strong keeling. Natricine snakes are found in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and Central America as far south as Costa Rica. A single species, '' Tropidonophis mairii'', reaches Australia. Although the highest diversity is in North America, the oldest members are in Asia and Africa, suggesting an Old World origin for the group. Most species are semiaquatic and feed on fish and amphibians, although a few are semifossorial or leaf-litter snakes that feed on invertebrates. Most species are harmless to humans, but a few (e.g., ''Thamnophis sirtalis'', '' Thamnophis elegans'') are capable of inflicting bites t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xenodontinae
Xenodontinae is a subfamily of snakes in the family Colubridae. The subfamily Xenodontinae encompasses a number of rear-fanged (opisthoglyphous), mildly venomous snake genera found in South America and the Caribbean. Members of the subfamily Xenodontinae are by definition closer relatives to the genus ''Xenodon'' than they are to the genus ''Dipsas''. Some authors consider Xenodontinae and Dipsadinae to be synonymous. If the two names are used synonymously, then Dipsadinae is the correct name because it is older. Genera When used as a subfamily of Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae does not include genera placed in the subfamily Dipsadinae (e.g. ''Dipsas'', '' Sibon'', ''Coniophanes'', '' Atractus'', ''Geophis'', ''Hypsiglena'', '' Imantodes'', ''Leptodeira'', ''Ninia'', ''Rhadinaea'', ''Urotheca'') nor the North American relict genera (''Heterodon'', '' Farancia'', '' Diadophis'', ''Carphophis'', ''Contia''), nor the Asian genus ''Thermophis'', because these are too distantly-related ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oreocalamus (snake)
''Oreocalamus'' is a genus of snake in the Superfamily (biology), superfamily Colubroidea that contains the sole species ''Oreocalamus hanitschi''. It is commonly known as Hanitsch's reed snake, Kalimantan burrowing snake, or mountain reed snake. It is found in Malaysia. References Colubrids Reptiles described in 1899 Monotypic snake genera {{colubrid-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gongylosoma
''Gongylosoma'' is a genus of snakes of the superfamily Colubroidea.. Species * '' Gongylosoma baliodeira'' (Boie, 1827) * '' Gongylosoma longicauda'' (Peters, 1871) * '' Gongylosoma mukutense'' Grismer, Das & Leong, 2003 * ''Gongylosoma nicobariensis ''Gongylosoma nicobariensis'' is a species of snake found in the Nicobar Islands of India. Species known only from its holotype A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the spec ...'' (Stoliczka, 1870) * '' Gongylosoma scriptum'' (Theobald, 1868) References {{Taxonbar, from=Q5091404 Gongylosoma Snake genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
