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Circassian Union And Charity Society
The Circassian Union and Charity Society () or Çerkes İttihat ve Teavün Cemiyeti () was a Circassian nationalist charitable organization in the Ottoman Empire. It was based on several principles, mainly intellectualism, Circassian nationalism, and belief in Islam. The organization had many activities, and engaged in building schools as well as charity work. The organization's school taught a variety of subjects, including P.E., Geography, Circassian language, Turkish language, French language, Circassian history, Ottoman history, Painting, Music, and more. The school taught in the Adyghe, Turkish and Russian languages. History Political situation Before the end of the Russo-Circassian War in 1864, a mass deportation was launched against the remaining population who survived the Circassian genocide. Calculations including those taking into account the Russian Imperial Government's own archival figures have estimated a loss of 95–97% Text of citation: "The estimates of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghuaze
Ghuaze or Ğuaze (; "The Guide") is a Circassian newspaper in Turkey published since 1911. It uses Turkish as well as Circassian. Today, it is published online. The newspaper includes mostly political and historical articles. It was initially published by the Circassian Union and Mutual Aid Society.''Çerkes İtthâd ve Te‘âvün Cem‘iyyeti Nizâmnâme-i Esâsiyesi.'' January 28, 1909. References Turkish-language newspapers Newspapers published in Turkey {{Turkey-newspaper-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamidiye (cavalry)
The ''Hamidiye'' regiments (literally meaning "belonging to Hamid", full official name ''Hamidiye Hafif Süvari Alayları'', Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments) were well-armed, irregular, mainly Sunni Kurdish but also Turkish, Circassian,Palmer, Alan, ''Verfall und Untergang des Osmanischen Reiches'', Heyne, München 1994 (engl. Original: London 1992), pp. 249, 258, 389. .Van Bruinessen, Martin''Agha, Shaikh and State - The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan'' London: Zed Books, 1992, p. 185. Van Bruinessen mentions the "occasional" recruiting of a Turkish tribe (the Qarapapakh) Turkmen, Shaw, Stanford J. and Ezel Kural Shaw, ''History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977, vol. 2, p. 246. Yörük,Öhrig, Bruno, ''Meinungen und Materialien zur Geschichte der Karakeçili Anatoliens'', in: Matthias S. Laubscher (Ed.), Münchener Ethnologische Abhandlungen, 20, Akademischer Verlag, München 1998 (Edition Anacon), zuglei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hayriye Melek Hunç
Hayriye-Melech Xhundj (; ; b. 1896 – d. 24 October 1963) was a Circassian writer and teacher. She is considered one of the first Circassian female writers. Early life Melech was born in 1896 in the Haciosman village of Balıkesir (Manyas) province into the noble Xhundj house of the Circassian Ubykh tribe (a tribe expelled to Turkey during the Circassian genocide). Melech's father Kasbolat Bey supported the Ottomans in the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877-1878 by mobilizing a voluntary auxiliary unit of Circassian horsemen from the area around Manyas. Melech studied at a girls' school named Notre Dame de Sion in Istanbul. As per professor in spite of psychological and emotional issues, Melech had a strong and rebellious character. She spoke Turkish, French, Adyghe, Abaza, and Ubykh. She married another Circassian, Yusuf İzzet Pasha, in 1919 and following his death in 1931, she married Prof. Aytek Namitok, yet another Circassian. Career Social work Melech was one of the mem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Āyah
An Ayah ( ar, آية, ʾĀyah, ; ) is a "verse" in the Quran, one of the statements of varying length that make up the chapters (''surah'') of the Quran and are marked by a number. In the Quranic context the word means "evidence," "sign" or "miracle," and in Islam may refer to things other than Quranic verses, such as religious obligations (''ayat taklifiyyah'') or cosmic phenomena (''ayat takwiniyyah''). In the Quran it is referred to in several verses such as: Overview of the meaning Although meaning "verse" when using the Quran, it is doubtful whether "''ayah''" means anything other than "sign," "proof," or "remarkable event" in the Quran's text. The "signs" refer to various phenomena, ranging from the universe, its creation, the alternation between day and night, rainfall, and the life and growth of plants. Other references are to miracles or to the rewards of belief and the fate of unbelievers. For example: : "And of his signs is the creation of the heavens and earth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quran
The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Classical Arabic, Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation in Islam, revelation from God in Islam, God. It is organized in 114 surah, chapters (pl.: , sing.: ), which consist of āyah, verses (pl.: , sing.: , construct case, cons.: ). In addition to its religious significance, it is widely regarded as the finest work in Arabic literature, and has significantly influenced the Arabic language. Muslims believe that the Quran was orally revealed by God to the Khatam an-Nabiyyin, final prophet, Muhammad in Islam, Muhammad, through the archangel Gabriel incrementally over a period of some 23 years, beginning in the month of Ramadan, when Muhammad was 40; and concluding in 632, the year of his death. Muslims regard the Quran as Muhammad's most important miracle; a proof of his prophethood; and the culmination of a series of divine message ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English Language
English is a West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family, with its earliest forms spoken by the inhabitants of early medieval England. It is named after the Angles, one of the ancient Germanic peoples that migrated to the island of Great Britain. Existing on a dialect continuum with Scots, and then closest related to the Low Saxon and Frisian languages, English is genealogically West Germanic. However, its vocabulary is also distinctively influenced by dialects of France (about 29% of Modern English words) and Latin (also about 29%), plus some grammar and a small amount of core vocabulary influenced by Old Norse (a North Germanic language). Speakers of English are called Anglophones. The earliest forms of English, collectively known as Old English, evolved from a group of West Germanic (Ingvaeonic) dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th century and further mutated by Norse-speaking Viking settlers starting in the 8th and 9th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greek Language
Greek ( el, label=Modern Greek, Ελληνικά, Elliniká, ; grc, Ἑλληνική, Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Italy (Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean. It has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning at least 3,400 years of written records. Its writing system is the Greek alphabet, which has been used for approximately 2,800 years; previously, Greek was recorded in writing systems such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary. The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic, and many other writing systems. The Greek language holds a very important place in the history of the Western world. Beginning with the epics of Homer, ancient Greek literature includes many works of lasting impo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic languages, Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C. E.Watson; Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin/Boston, 2011. Having emerged in the 1st century, it is named after the Arabs, Arab people; the term "Arab" was initially used to describe those living in the Arabian Peninsula, as perceived by geographers from ancient Greece. Since the 7th century, Arabic has been characterized by diglossia, with an opposition between a standard Prestige (sociolinguistics), prestige language—i.e., Literary Arabic: Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or Classical Arabic—and diverse vernacular varieties, which serve as First language, mother tongues. Colloquial dialects vary significantly from MSA, impeding mutual intelligibility. MSA is only acquired through formal education and is not spoken natively. It is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Language
French ( or ) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the Latin spoken in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French ( Francien) largely supplanted. French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the ( Germanic) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to France's past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is an official language in 29 countries across multiple continents, most of which are members of the ''Organisation internationale de la Francophonie'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmet Mithat
Ahmet Mithat (1844 – 28 December 1912) was an Ottoman journalist, author, translator and publisher during the Tanzimat period. In his works, he was known as Ahmet Mithat Efendi, to distinguish him from the contemporary politician Midhat Pasha. Ahmet Mithat Efendi took his name from Ahmed Şefik Midhat Pasha, as he worked for a time as an official and newspaper editor in Midhat Pasha's Vilayet of the Danube. Politically, his orientation was more conservative, compared to writers such as Namık Kemal. He was a prolific writer, more than 250 of his works have survived. From 1878 he published a newspaper entitled ''Tercüman-ı Hakikat'' (Interpreter of Truth). Before that he was one of the contributors of '' Basiret'', a newspaper published between 1870 and 1879. His editorship and publication of Olga Lebedeva's translations of Russian literature into Turkish served as an introduction of Tolstoy, Lermontov and Pushkin Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (; rus, links=no, Ал ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ismail Hakkı Berkok
Ismail Hakkı Berkok ( tr, ; 1890 – 11 May 1954) was a Turkish general, publicist, historian and deputy of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey of Circassian origin. He wrote a detailed work about Circassian history and was a Circassian nationalist. Ancestry and early life Father of Ismail – Ali Berkok was a muhajir from the North Caucasus. He descended from an aristocratic family from Dzhereshti (Jereshty). Together with his brother Yusuf he moved to the Ottoman Empire after the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) following the Russo-Circassian War. After the relocation, they settled in the Kayseri Province in the Pinarbashi district and called it Jereshty. Ismail Hakkı Berkok was born there. He lost his parents early, but in spite of all the difficulties Ismail Berkok yet graduated from high school and enrolled in the Ottoman Military College, which he graduated from in 1910. In the World War I and Turkish War of Independence World War Ismail Berkok met in Macedo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imam Shamil
Imam Shamil ( av, Шейх Шамил, Şeyx Şamil; ar, الشيخ شامل; russian: Имам Шамиль; 26 June 1797 – 4 February 1871) was the political, military, and spiritual leader of North Caucasian resistance to Imperial Russia in the 1800s, the third Imam of the Caucasian Imamate (1840–1859), and a Sunni Muslim Shaykh of the Naqshbandi Sufi Tariqa. Family and early life Imam Shamil was born in 1797 into an Avar Muslim family. He was born in the small village (aul) of Gimry, (in present-day Dagestan, Russia). He was originally named Ali, but following local tradition, his name was changed when he became ill. His father, Dengau, was a landlord, and this position allowed Shamil and his close friend Ghazi Mollah to study many subjects, including Arabic and logic. Shamil grew up at a time when the Russian Empire was expanding into the territories of the Ottoman Empire and of Persia (see Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) and Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)). Many Ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
