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Chrysidoidea
The superfamily Chrysidoidea is a very large cosmopolitan group (some 6,000 described species, and many more undescribed) , all of which are parasitoids or cleptoparasites of other insects. There are three large, common families (Bethylidae, Chrysididae, and Dryinidae) and four small, rare families (Embolemidae, Plumariidae, Sclerogibbidae, and Scolebythidae). Most species are small (7 mm or less), almost never exceeding 15 mm. This superfamily is traditionally considered to be the basal taxon within the Aculeata, and, as such, some species can sting, though the venom is harmless to humans. Members of the families Dryinidae and Embolemidae are the only parasitoids among the Hymenoptera to have a life cycle in which the wasp larva begins its life inside the body of the host, and then later forms a sac (called a ''thylacium'') that protrudes out of the host's abdomen. The closely related family Sclerogibbidae contains more traditional ectoparasitoids, attacking the nym ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chrysidoidea
The superfamily Chrysidoidea is a very large cosmopolitan group (some 6,000 described species, and many more undescribed) , all of which are parasitoids or cleptoparasites of other insects. There are three large, common families (Bethylidae, Chrysididae, and Dryinidae) and four small, rare families (Embolemidae, Plumariidae, Sclerogibbidae, and Scolebythidae). Most species are small (7 mm or less), almost never exceeding 15 mm. This superfamily is traditionally considered to be the basal taxon within the Aculeata, and, as such, some species can sting, though the venom is harmless to humans. Members of the families Dryinidae and Embolemidae are the only parasitoids among the Hymenoptera to have a life cycle in which the wasp larva begins its life inside the body of the host, and then later forms a sac (called a ''thylacium'') that protrudes out of the host's abdomen. The closely related family Sclerogibbidae contains more traditional ectoparasitoids, attacking the nym ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dryinidae
Dryinidae is a cosmopolitan family of solitary wasps. Its name comes from the Greek ''drys'' for oak: Latreille named the type genus ''Dryinus'' because the first species was collected in an oak plant in Spain. The larvae are parasitoids of the nymphs and adults of Auchenorrhyncha. Dryinidae comprises approximately 1900 described species, distributed in 17 subfamilies and 53 genera. Description The adult wasp can measure from 0.9 to 5.0 mm in length and in some cases can reach 13 mm. The body of the adult wasp has a 'waist' where it is constricted in the middle. The rear legs have spurs which may be used for grooming. The antennae have 10 segments. Many species have a marked sexual dimorphism, where males are totally different from the females in the size and shape of the body. Males have wings while females are often wingless and resemble worker ants. The ovipositor is retractable and not visible when retracted. Life history The female dryinid injects an egg into the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bethylidae
The Bethylidae are a family of aculeate wasps in the superfamily Chrysidoidea. As a family, their biology ranges between parasitoid wasps and hunting wasps. Overview Like most of the Chrysidoidea, the Bethylidae are stinging Hymenoptera and most are parasitoids. Some of them, however, have developed their parasitoidal biology along predatory lines and they sting and malaxate their victims into paralysis. Then they hide the prey and lay their eggs on them. According to Azevedo et al. (2018) eight subfamilies of the Bethylidae are recognized: * Pristocerinae * Epyrinae * Mesitiinae * Bethylinae * Scleroderminae *† Lancepyrinae *† Protopristocerinae *† Holopsenellinae Genera According to Azevedo et al. (2018) there are 96 genera belong to the family Bethylidae. Some are listed here: * '' Afrobethylus'' Ramos & Azevedo * '' Afrocera'' Benoit, 1983 * '' Allepyris'' Kieffer, 1905 * '' Allobethylus'' Kieffer, 1905 * '' Anaylax'' Moczar, 1970 * '' Anisepyris'' Kieffer, 190 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Embolemidae
Embolemidae is a family of small solitary parasitoid wasps with around 70 species in 2 genera distributed around the world.van Achterberg, Cornelis & Kats, R.. (2000). Revision of the Palaearctic Embolemidae (Hymenoptera). Zoöl. Med. 74 (2000), 17: 251-269. The few species whose biology is known are parasites on planthopper nymphs of the families Achilidae and Cixiidae. There is debate regarding the status of the genus named ''Ampulicomorpha'' by Ashmead in 1893, generally considered now to be a junior synonym of ''Embolemus'' (e.g.,), though some authorities dispute this (e.g.,) Biology Females are wingless while males have wings, and in temperate regions emerge later than the females, which overwinter as adults. The wingless females have been recorded from the nests of ants and small mammal burrows, or under stones in pastures and grasslands, and they appear to be ant mimics. A Palearctic species, ''Embolemus ruddii'', has been found in association with the ant species ''For ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plumalexiidae
''Plumalexius'' is a genus of wasps in the extinct monotypic family Plumalexiidae, containing two species: the type species ''Plumalexius rasnitsyni'', known from the Late Cretaceous White Oaks Pit in Sayreville, New Jersey, and ''Plumalexius ohmkuhnlei'', known from the Cretaceous Burmese amber. History and classification ''Plumalexius rasnitsyni'' is known from only two fossils, the holotype, specimen "AMNH no. NJ-695" and the paratype, specimen "AMNH no. NJ-175". The specimens are both fairly complete male specimens which are preserved as inclusions in blocks of heavily fractured yellowish amber. The fossils were recovered in 1995 from outcrops of Turonian age strata in the White Oaks Pit, Middlesex County, New Jersey by Paul Nascimbene and subsequently embedded in blocks of epoxy. The type specimens are currently preserved in the paleoentomology collections housed in the American Museum of Natural History, located in Manhattan, New York City, US. The two specimens were exa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sclerogibbidae
The Sclerogibbidae are a small family of aculeate wasps in the superfamily Chrysidoidea. Overview Sclerogibbidae are ectoparasitoids of Embioptera. The female wasp oviposits an egg on the abdomen of a host. Once the larva emerges, it attaches itself to its host. After the host is consumed, the larva detaches itself from the carcass and spins a cocoon. While in all modern species, females are wingless (apterous), this is not true for fossil species. The currently recognised taxa within the family Sclerogibbidae are:Kateryna V. Martynova, Massimo Olmi, Patrick Müller & Evgeny E. Perkovsky (2019): Description of the first sclerogibbid wasp (Hymenoptera: Sclerogibbidae) from Burmese (Myanmar) amber and its phylogenetic significance, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. Vol. 0, No. 0, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2018.1551250 * subfamily † Sclerogibbodinae ** genus †'' Sclerogibbodes'' Engel & Grimaldi, 2006a Lebanese amber, Barremian * subfamily Sclerogibbinae ** ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aculeata
Aculeata is a subclade of Hymenoptera containing ants, bees, and stinging wasps. The name is a reference to the defining feature of the group, which is the modification of the ovipositor into a stinger. However, many members of the group cannot sting, either retaining the ovipositor, or having lost it altogether. A large part of the clade is parasitic. This group includes all of the eusocial Hymenopterans. It is theorized that the possession of a venomous sting was important in the repeated evolution of eusociality within Hymenoptera. The oldest aculeates are known from the Late Jurassic Karabastau Formation of Kazakhstan, represented by the family Bethylonymidae, which may be para or polyphyletic. Classification The use of the name Aculeata has a long history at the rank of infraorder or division. The Aculeata are a monophyletic, or good natural group, containing all the descendants of a single common ancestor. The Aculeata are therefore maintained as a taxon, either at infr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scolebythidae
The Scolebythidae are a small family of aculeate wasps in the superfamily Chrysidoidea. These chrysidoid wasps are found in Africa, Australia, the Neotropics, north China, Thailand and Fiji. They are parasites on larvae of Cerambycidae and Ptinidae. Overview Scolebythidae wasps are gregarious ectoparasitoids of wood-boring beetle larvae. Females dig tunnels through the frass of wood-boring beetles using their mandibles. After reaching the host chamber of the beetle larva, frass is pulled into the chamber before stinging the larva. The female wasp feeds on the hemolymph after biting the integument. This behaviour is probably necessary for egg laying. Taxonomy * Subfamily Pristapenesiinae Engel et al. 2013 ** †'' Boreobythus'' Engel and Grimaldi 2007 New Jersey amber, Turonian ** †'' Ectenobythus'' Engel et al. 2013 Spanish amber, Albian ** †'' Eobythus'' Lacau et al. 2000 Oise amber, France, Ypresian ** †'' Libanobythus'' Prentice and Poinar 1996 Lebanese amber, Ba ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radiophronidae
Radiophronidae is an extinct family of wasps known from two genera found in Cretaceous (Albian) aged amber from Spain. While originally classified in Ceraphronoidea, they were later considered to probably be members of Chrysidoidea The superfamily Chrysidoidea is a very large cosmopolitan group (some 6,000 described species, and many more undescribed) , all of which are parasitoids or cleptoparasites of other insects. There are three large, common families (Bethylidae, Chr .... References {{Taxonbar, from=Q4047966 Chrysidoidea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apocrita Superfamilies
Apocrita is a suborder of insects in the order Hymenoptera. It includes wasps, bees, and ants, and consists of many families. It contains the most advanced hymenopterans and is distinguished from Symphyta by the narrow "waist" ( petiole) formed between the first two segments of the actual abdomen; the first abdominal segment is fused to the thorax, and is called the propodeum. Therefore, it is general practice, when discussing the body of an apocritan in a technical sense, to refer to the mesosoma and metasoma (or gaster) rather than the "thorax" and "abdomen", respectively. The evolution of a constricted waist was an important adaption for the parasitoid lifestyle of the ancestral apocritan, allowing more maneuverability of the female's ovipositor. The ovipositor either extends freely or is retracted, and may be developed into a stinger for both defense and paralyzing prey. Larvae are legless and blind, and either feed inside a host (plant or animal) or in a nest cell provisio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ectoparasitoid
In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation. Among parasitoids, strategies range from living inside the host (''endoparasitism''), allowing it to continue growing before emerging as an adult, to paralysing the host and living outside it (''ectoparasitism''). Hosts can include other parasitoids, resulting in hyperparasitism; in the case of oak galls, up to five levels of parasitism are possible. Some parasitoids influence their host's behaviour in ways that favour the propagation of the parasitoid. Parasitoids are found in a variety of taxa across the insect superorder Endopterygota, whose complete metamorphosis may have pre-adapted them for a split lifestyle, with parasitoid l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parasitoid
In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host (biology), host at the host's expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionarily stable strategy, evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation. Among parasitoids, strategies range from living inside the host (''endoparasitism''), allowing it to continue growing before emerging as an adult, to Paralysis, paralysing the host and living outside it (''ectoparasitism''). Hosts can include other parasitoids, resulting in hyperparasitism; in the case of oak galls, up to five levels of parasitism are possible. Some parasitoids Behavior-altering parasite, influence their host's behaviour in ways that favour the propagation of the parasitoid. Parasitoids are found in a variety of Taxon, taxa across the insect superorder Endopterygota, whose compl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
