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Centroleninae
Centroleninae is one of two subfamilies of the family Centrolenidae. It has nine genera distributed in Central America from Honduras south and east to northern and central South America. As of mid 2015, it contains 117 species. Taxonomy Centroleninae are defined based on molecular and morphological characteristics, none of which are obvious to a naked eye. However, in several species a fighting behaviour that might be synapomorphy has been observed: males dangle by their feet and grapple venter-to-venter; amplexus-like or wrestling on leaves fighting of Hyalinobatrachinae is hypothesized to be primitive behaviour. Their sister taxon is ambiguous, it is either genus ''Ikakogi'' or subfamily Hyalinobatrachinae. Genera There are nine genera: *''Centrolene'' Jiménez de la Espada, 1872 (27 sp.) *'' Chimerella'' Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009 (2 sp.) *''Cochranella'' Taylor, 1951 (9 sp.) *'' Espadarana'' Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Tru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cochranella
''Cochranella'' is a genus of glass frogs, family Centrolenidae. They are found in Central America from Honduras southward to the Amazonian and Andean cloud forests of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Etymology The generic name ''Cochranella'' honors Doris Mable Cochran, an American herpetologist. Accordingly, common name Cochran frogs has been coined for the genus. Taxonomy and systematics ''Cochranella'' was first described by Edward Harrison Taylor in 1951. The current delimitation of this genus follows from the work by Juan Manuel Guayasamin and his colleagues published in 2009 (with some later adjustments). These authors remedied the polyphyly of the genus by partitioning it into several new genera. The diagnostic characteristics of the genus are the following: (1) humeral spines are absent (small spine present in ''C. litoralis''); (2) digestive tract is white (translucent in ''Cochranella nola'') and the lobed liver is covered by a transparent hepatic peritoneum; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ikakogi
''Ikakogi'' is a genus of frogs in the family Centrolenidae. It has been tentatively placed in the subfamily Centroleninae, although more recent analyses suggest that it is the sister group of the clade Centroleninae+ Hyalinobatrachiinae. Taxonomy Until 2019, the genus was considered to be monotypic In biology, a monotypic taxon is a taxonomic group (taxon) that contains only one immediately subordinate taxon. A monotypic species is one that does not include subspecies or smaller, infraspecific taxa. In the case of genera, the term "unispec ..., but now contains the following two species: * '' Ikakogi ispacue'' Rada, Dias, Peréz-González, Anganoy-Criollo, Rueda-Solano, Pinto-E., Mejía Quintero, Vargas-Salinas, and Grant, 2019 * '' Ikakogi tayrona'' (Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1991) References {{DEFAULTSORT:Ikakogi Glass frogs Amphibians of South America Amphibians of Colombia Endemic fauna of Colombia Amphibian genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teratohyla
''Teratohyla'' is a small genus of glassfrogs in the subfamily Centroleninae. The genus was for a while included in '' Centrolenella'' and then '' Cochranella'', but it was resurrected in 2009. These frogs are distributed from lowlands of Central America from Honduras southwards to Pacific and Amazonian wet tropical lowlands of South America. Species There are five species in this genus: * '' Teratohyla adenocheira'' (Harvey and Noonan, 2005) * '' Teratohyla amelie'' (Cisneros-Heredia and Meza-Ramos, 2007) * '' Teratohyla midas'' (Lynch and Duellman, 1973) * ''Teratohyla pulverata ''Teratohyla'' is a small genus of glassfrogs in the subfamily Centroleninae. The genus was for a while included in '' Centrolenella'' and then ''Cochranella'', but it was resurrected in 2009. These frogs are distributed from lowlands of Centra ...'' (Peters, 1873) * '' Teratohyla spinosa'' (Taylor, 1949) The AmphibiaWeb, however, places ''Teratohyla adenocheira'' in the genus '' Cochranella''. R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
"Cochranella" Euhystrix
"''Cochranella''" ''euhystrix'' is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It has an uncertain placement ('' incertae sedis'') within subfamily Centroleninae (hence the quotation marks around the genus). It is endemic to Peru and only known from the vicinity of its type locality near Cerro Blanco, in the Zaña River watershed, Department of Cajamarca. The specific name ''euhystrix'' (from Greek prefix ''eu'', "very", and ''hystrix'', "porcupine") refers to the unusually spiny appearance of this frog, especially males. Common name ridge Cochran frog has been proposed for this frog. Description Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The head is wider than the body. The snout is truncate, sometimes slightly rounded in profile in females. The tympanum is distinct, but partly covered by the heavy supratympanic fold, especially in females. The fingers have lateral fringes and are partially webbed; the toes are heavily webbed. All digits bear expand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
"Cochranella" Duidaeana
"''Cochranella''" ''duidaeana'', commonly known as the Duida Cochran frog, is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Cerro Duida, Venezuela. The generic placement of this species within the subfamily Centroleninae is uncertain ('' incertae sedis ''). Taxonomy and systematics This species was originally described as '' Centrolenella duidaeana''. However, most subsequent studies have placed it in the genus '' Cochranella''. A study published in 2002 suggested that it belongs to the '' Cochranella spinosa'' group. However, morphological data do not allow unambiguous generic placement. With no molecular data available, it is for the time being retained in ''Cochranella''. Description Adult males measure in snout–vent length; females are unknown. The tympanum is inconspicuous. The dorsum is uniformly green. The iris is greenish-yellowish. Dorsal skin is finely granular. Habitat and conservation The species is known from the southern tip of the sum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nymphargus
''Nymphargus'' is a genus of glass frogs in the subfamily Centroleninae, which was established in 2007. They are distributed in the Andean slopes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.Frost, 2014 They are characterized by lacking webbing among the outer fingers, lacking humeral spines in adult males, and having a lobed liver covered by a transparent hepatic peritoneum. They can be more specifically characterized as having a head that is darker green than the body, there being yellow spots surrounded by black on head and body, upper eyelids are dark lavender. The conservation status of the Nymphargus frogs was largely believed to be critically endangered due to the minimal research done on this genus. Once the scope of the research was broadened the conservation status was able to be determined as being vulnerable. More frogs of different variations were found increasing the genus’ population. Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid (2007) Species Most species were moved here from ''Cochr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
"Centrolene" Medemi
"''Centrolene''" ''medemi'' is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. The species occurs in the Cordillera Oriental in the Tolima, Caquetá, and Putumayo Departments in Colombia and adjacent Napo in Ecuador. The generic placement of this species within the subfamily Centroleninae is uncertain ('' incertae sedis''). The specific name ''medemi'' honors Fred Medem, collector of the holotype. Common name Medem giant glass frog has been coined for it. Description Adult males measure and adult females in snout–vent length. The snout is rounded in dorsal profile and truncated to slightly protruding when viewed laterally. The tympanum is indistinct and partly covered by the supra-tympanic fold. The fingers have absent to extensive webbing (from inner to outer fingers). The toes are extensively webbed. The dorsal surfaces of head, body, and limbs are olive green to grayish brown and bear large cream spots. The ventral parietal peritoneum is white. Adult males have a larg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
"Centrolene" Acanthidiocephalum
"''Centrolene''" ''acanthidiocephalum'', commonly known as the Santander giant glass frog, is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. Its current placement within the subfamily Centroleninae is uncertain ('' incertae sedis''). It is endemic to Colombia where it is only known from the region of the type locality on the western slope of the Cordillera Oriental in the Santander Department, at the elevations of asl. Its natural habitats are cloud forest A cloud forest, also called a water forest, primas forest, or tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF), is a generally tropical or subtropical, evergreen, montane, moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud c ...s where it occurs on vegetation next to streams. Its conservation status is unable to be classified due to insufficient data. References acanthidiocephalum Amphibians of Colombia Endemic fauna of Colombia Taxonomy articles created by Polbot {{Centrolenidae-stu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rulyrana
''Rulyrana'' is a small genus of glass frogs. They are found in South America, on the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Ecuador, Peru, and possibly Bolivia, as well as on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Central and the western slopes of the Cordillera Oriental in Colombia. Etymology The generic name ''Rulyrana'' honors and who have "contributed enormously to the understanding of centrolenid diversity, biology, and evolution". The name is made up from the two first letters of their surnames in combination with ''rana'' for frog. In addition, "Ruly" is the nickname of Martín Bustamante, who has also contributed to amphibian conservation. Description ''Rulyrana'' have moderate to extensive webbing between the third and fourth fingers. The dorsum is lavender in preserved individuals and may have spots. Internal features include green bones (in live specimens), lobed liver that is covered by a transparent hepatic peritoneum, whereas the ventral parietal peritoneum is white in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sachatamia
''Sachatamia'' is a small genus of glass frogs. They are found in Central America (Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama) and northern South America (Colombia and northwestern Ecuador) at altitudes below above sea level. Etymology The generic name ''Sachatamia'' is derived from the Quichua words ''sacha'' for "forest" and ''tamia'' for "rain". This is a reference to the tropical rainforest habitat of these frogs. Description ''Sachatamia'' have moderate to extensive webbing between third and fourth fingers. The dorsum is lavender in preserved individuals and may have spots. Internal features include green bones (in live specimens), lobed liver that is covered by a transparent hepatic peritoneum, whereas the ventral parietal peritoneum is white in its anterior part and transparent in its poster part. The digestive tract is translucent. In terms of osteology, ''Sachatamia'' possess vomerine teeth and quadratojugal bone that is articulating with maxilla. The humeral spines are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Espadarana
''Espadarana'' is a genus of glass frogs. They are found in Central America (Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama) and northern South America (Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador). Etymology The generic name ''Espadarana'' honors Marcos Jiménez de la Espada, a Spanish zoologist. Among other things, he described the first centrolenid frog, '' Centrolene geckoideum'' in 1872. Moreover, the Spanish word ''espada'' means "sword", which can be associated with the humeral spines that adult male ''Espadarana'' have. Description The diagnostic characters of ''Espadarana'' include conspicuous humeral spines present in adult males, as hinted in their name. There is moderate webbing between third and fourth fingers. The dorsum is lavender in preserved individuals and may have spots. Internal features include green bones (in live specimens), lobed liver covered by a transparent hepatic peritoneum, whereas the ventral parietal peritoneum is white in its anterior part and transparent in it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vitreorana
''Vitreorana'' is a genus of glass frogs that are native to South America, from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil and Argentina to the Amazon rainforest of Colombia and Ecuador and to the Venezuelan Coastal Range and the Guianas The Guianas, sometimes called by the Spanish loan-word ''Guayanas'' (''Las Guayanas''), is a region in north-eastern South America which includes the following three territories: * French Guiana, an overseas department and region of France * .... One way one can tell this type of glass frog from others is through their green bones, lavender-colored dorsal, and white highlighted pigment. This genus has also started to become endangered, especially in Brazil, where many ''Vitreorana'', such as '' V. eurygnatha'' due to habitat loss. Species The following species are recognised in the genus ''Vitreorana'': References Glass frogs Amphibians of South America Amphibian genera {{Centrolenidae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |