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Agaricales Families
The fungal order Agaricales, also known as gilled mushrooms (for their distinctive gills) or euagarics, contains some of the most familiar types of mushrooms. The order has 33 extant families, 413 genera, and over 13,000 described species, along with six extinct genera known only from the fossil record. They range from the ubiquitous common mushroom to the deadly destroying angel and the hallucinogenic fly agaric to the bioluminescent jack-o-lantern mushroom. History, classification and phylogeny In his three volumes of ''Systema Mycologicum'' published between 1821 and 1832, Elias Fries put almost all of the fleshy, gill-forming mushrooms in the genus ''Agaricus''. He organized the large genus into "tribes", the names of many of which still exist as common genera of today. Fries later elevated several of these tribes to generic level, but later authors—including Gillet, Karsten, Kummer, Quélet, and Staude—made most of the changes. Fries based his classification on ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aptian
The Aptian is an age in the geologic timescale or a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is a subdivision of the Early or Lower Cretaceous Epoch or Series and encompasses the time from 121.4 ± 1.0 Ma to 113.0 ± 1.0 Ma (million years ago), approximately. The Aptian succeeds the Barremian and precedes the Albian, all part of the Lower/Early Cretaceous. The Aptian partly overlaps the upper part of the Western European Urgonian Stage. The Selli Event, also known as OAE1a, was one of two oceanic anoxic events in the Cretaceous Period, which occurred around 120 Ma and lasted approximately 1 to 1.3 million years. The Aptian extinction was a minor extinction event hypothesized to have occurred around 116 to 117 Ma.Archangelsky, Sergio.The Ticó Flora (Patagonia) and the Aptian Extinction Event" ''Acta Paleobotanica'' 41(2), 2001, pp. 115-22. Stratigraphic definitions The Aptian was named after the small city of Apt in the Provence region of France, which is also known for its cry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amanita Virosa
''Amanita virosa'', commonly known in Europe as the destroying angel or the European destroying angel amanita, is a deadly poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Occurring in Europe, ''A. virosa'' mycorrhiza, associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The large fruiting bodies (''i.e.'', the mushrooms) appear in summer and autumn; the Pileus (mycology), caps, stipe (mycology), stipes and Lamella (mycology), gills are all white in colour. Immature specimens of ''A. virosa'' resemble several edible species commonly consumed by humans, increasing the risk of accidental poisoning. Small specimens may resemble the common Portobello mushroom to non-experts, but just one cap of ''A. virosa'' is enough to kill an adult human. The symptoms of poisoning generally come several hours afterwards, a fact which makes this fungus even more problematic. Along with its geographical namesakes, ''A. virosa'' is one of the most poisonous of all known mush ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nidulariaceae
The Nidulariaceae ('nidulus' - small nest) are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Commonly known as the bird's nest fungi, their fruiting bodies resemble tiny egg-filled birds' nests. As they are saprobic, feeding on decomposing organic matter, they are often seen growing on decaying wood and in soils enriched with wood chips or bark mulch; they have a widespread distribution in most ecological regions. The five genera within the family, namely, ''Crucibulum'', ''Cyathus'', ''Mycocalia'', '' Nidula'', and '' Nidularia'', are distinguished from each other by differences in morphology and peridiole structure; more recently, phylogenetic analysis and comparison of DNA sequences is guiding new decisions in the taxonomic organization of this family. History Bird's nest fungi were first mentioned by Flemish botanist Carolus Clusius in ''Rariorum plantarum historia'' (1601). Over the next couple of centuries, these fungi were the subject of some controversy regarding whether t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydnangiaceae
The Hydnangiaceae are a family of fungi in the mushroom order Agaricales. Widespread in temperate and tropical regions throughout the world, the family contains about 30 species in four genera. Species in the Hydnangiaceae form ectomycorrhizal relationships with various species of trees in both coniferous and deciduous forests. Description They may have fruit bodies with stipes and caps (pileate-stipiate), or gasteroid (with internal spore production, like puffballs). When pileate, the cap is smooth to scaly, sometimes striate, typically orange-brown or violet in color. The gills are widely spaced, thick, and waxy. In gasteroid forms, fruit body shape is irregular, with thin walls. Also, the peridium (the outer layer of the spore-bearing organ) is sometimes short-lasting (evanescent). Columella (the central, sterile part of the sporangium) may be absent or present, the hymenia are not gelatinized, and are formed in locules. Basidia are club-shaped (clavate), with two or four ste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psathyrellaceae
The Psathyrellaceae are a family of dark-spored agarics that generally have rather soft, fragile fruiting bodies, and are characterized by black, dark brown, rarely reddish, or even pastel-colored spore prints. About 50% of species produce fruiting bodies that dissolve into ink-like ooze when the spores are mature via autodigestion. Prior to phylogenetic research based upon DNA comparisons, most of the species that autodigested were classified as Coprinaceae, which contained all of the inky-cap mushrooms. However, the type species of ''Coprinus'', '' Coprinus comatus'', and a few other species, were found to be more closely related to Agaricaceae. The former genus ''Coprinus'' was split between two families, and the name "Coprinaceae" became a synonym of Agaricaceae in its 21st-century phylogenetic redefinition. Note that in the 19th and early 20th centuries the family name Agaricaceae had far broader application, while in the late 20th century it had a narrower application. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bolbitiaceae
The Bolbitiaceae are a family of mushroom-forming basidiomycete fungi. A 2008 estimate placed 17 genera and 287 species in the family. Bolbitiaceae was circumscribed by mycologist Rolf Singer in 1948. Description This family is of mushroom-forming species that have a hymenium on gills, brown spores and a hymenoderm pileipellis. Differences in genera ''Bolbitius'' are mushrooms which are thin, ''Mycena''-like, with gelatinous cap surface. These lack a veil, are saprotrophic, and tend to be found with grass. ''Conocybe'' are mushrooms which are thin, ''Mycena''-like, with a dry cap surface. These are small and saprotrophic, and tend to be found with grass. These have cheilocystidia which are capitate. ''Pholiotina'' are mushrooms which are thin, ''Mycena''-like, with a dry cap surface. These are small and saprotrophic, and tend to be found with grass, and have a veil. Some have a membranous veil, mid- stipe, others the veil breaks up and can be found on the cap margin. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cortinariaceae
The Cortinariaceae are a large family of gilled mushrooms found worldwide, containing over 2100 species. The family takes its name from its largest genus, the varied species of the genus ''Cortinarius''. Many genera formerly in the Cortinariaceae have been placed in various other families, including Hymenogastraceae, Inocybaceae and Bolbitiaceae. The deadly toxin orellanine has been found in at least 34 Cortinariaceae. Taxonomic details Cortinariaceae is a family of mushrooms within the Order Agaricales. The spore producing hymenium is located on the gills. The pileipellis is a cutis. The spores are brown in deposit and, in most genera in this family, the spores are ornamented. Differences in genera ''Cortinarius'' are mushrooms with warted spores, which are rusty-brown in deposit. Mushrooms in this genus have a partial veil which is a cortina. These mushrooms are terrestrial and mycorrhizal, and can range from small to large and fleshy. Edibility Despite the vast number of sp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crepidotaceae
The Crepidotaceae are a family of basidiomycete fungi. Taxonomic Details The Crepidotaceae have recently undergone a revision based on phylogenetic analyses. The following characters are typical of this family: * saprotrophic on woody or herbaceous matter * gymnocarpic (having the hymenium open and attached to the surface of the thallus) * spore prints that are pale yellow to brown * simple cuticle (although some may have pileocystidia) * cheilocystidia A cystidium (plural cystidia) is a relatively large cell found on the sporocarp of a basidiomycete (for example, on the surface of a mushroom gill), often between clusters of basidia. Since cystidia have highly varied and distinct shapes that ar ... always present * spores entire, smooth or ornamented but never angular or reticulate References Agaricales families {{Agaricales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inocybaceae
The Inocybaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Members of this family have a widespread distribution in tropical and temperate areas. Taxonomy The type genus of the Inocybaceae, ''Inocybe'', had traditionally been placed within the family Cortinariaceae. Despite this, Jülich placed the genus in its own family, the Inocybaceae. Later, the Cortinariaceae were shown to be polyphyletic. Additionally, phylogenetic analyses of RPB1, RPB2 and nLSU- rDNA regions from a variety of ''Inocybe'' and related taxa would support Jülich's recognition of ''Inocybe'' at the family level. In their ''Dictionary of the Fungi'', Kirk ''et al.'' (2008) did not distinguish between Inocybaceae and Crepidotaceae, but rather merged them into one family they called Inocybaceae. The literature has since then split up the classification given by Kirk ''et al.'' (2008) into not only Inocybaceae and Crepidotaceae, but also Tubariaceae and Chromocyphellaceae. In a 2019 molecular study, Mathen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hymenogastraceae
The Hymenogastraceae is a family of fungi in the order Agaricales with both agaric and false-truffle shaped fruitbodies. Formerly, prior to molecular analyses, the family was restricted to the false-truffle genera. The mushroom genus ''Psilocybe'' in the ''Hymenogastraceae'' is now restricted to the hallucinogenic species while nonhallucinogenic former species are largely in the genus ''Deconica'' classified in the Strophariaceae. One of the two known species of '' Wakefieldia'' has been found recently to belong to this family but formal transfer cannot be made until the phylogeny of the type species of the genus is resolved. '' Psathyloma'', added to the family in 2016, was circumscribed to contain two agarics found in New Zealand. Genera *'' Alnicola'' (12 species) *''Dendrogaster'' (1 species) *'' Galera'' (4 species) *''Galerina'' (307 species) *'' Galerula'' (3 species) *''Gymnopilus'' (209 species) *''Hebeloma'' (355 species) *'' Hymenogaster'' (79 species) *'' Naematoloma' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Strophariaceae
The Strophariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Under an older classification, the family covered 18 genera and 1316 species. The species of Strophariaceae have red-brown to dark brown spore prints, while the spores themselves are smooth and have an apical germ pore. These agarics are also characterized by having a cutis-type pileipellis. Ecologically, all species in this group are saprotrophs, growing on various kinds of decaying organic matter. The family was circumscribed in 1946 by mycologists Rolf Singer and Alexander H. Smith. Genera * The genus '' Stropharia'' mainly consists of medium to large agarics with a distinct membranous annulus. Spore-print color is generally medium to dark purple-brown, except for a few species with rusty-brown spores. There is a great deal of variation, however, since this group, as presently delimited, is polyphyletic. Members of the core clade of ''Stropharia'' are characterized by crystalline acanthocytes among the hyphae t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Omphalotus Olearius
''Omphalotus olearius'',Singer R (1948) In: ''Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci.'' 32: 133 ('1946'). commonly known as the jack-o'-lantern mushroom, is a poisonous Orange (color), orange gilled mushroom that to an untrained eye appears similar to some Cantharellus, chanterelles. It is notable for its bioluminescence, bioluminescent properties. It is found in woodland areas in Europe, where it grows on decaying stumps, on buried roots or at the base of hardwood trees. It has also been reported from the Western Cape, Western Cape Province, South Africa. A similar, but phylogenetically distinct species found in eastern North America is ''Omphalotus illudens''. Unlike chanterelles, ''Omphalotus olearius'' and other ''Omphalotus'' species contain the toxin illudin S, and are poisonous to humans. While not lethal, consuming this mushroom leads to very severe cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. Description The jack-o'-lantern mushroom is orange. Its bioluminescence, a blue-green color, can be observ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
