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Baculovirus
''Baculoviridae'' is a family of viruses. Arthropod Arthropods (, (gen. ποδός)) are invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a Segmentation (biology), segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs and Arth ...s, among the most studied being Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, serve as natural hosts. Currently, 85 Virus classification, species are placed in this family, assigned to four genera. Baculoviruses are known to infect insects, with over 600 host species having been described. Immature (larval) forms of lepidopteran species (moths and butterflies) are the most common hosts, but these viruses have also been found infecting sawfly, sawflies, and mosquitoes. Although baculoviruses are capable of entering mammalian cells in culture, they are not known to be capable of replication in mammalian or other vertebrate animal cells. Starting in the 1940s, they were used and studied wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alphabaculovirus
''Alphabaculovirus'' is a genus of viruses in the family ''Baculoviridae''. The natural hosts of species in this family are invertebrates, among them winged insects (Lepidopterans, Hymenopterans, Dipterans), and decapods. However, species in this genus have been isolated only from Lepidoptera. There are 56 species in the genus. Taxonomy The following species are assigned to the genus: * '' Adoxophyes honmai nucleopolyhedrovirus'' * '' Agrotis ipsilon multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus'' * ''Agrotis segetum nucleopolyhedrovirus A'' * '' Agrotis segetum nucleopolyhedrovirus B'' * '' Antheraea pernyi nucleopolyhedrovirus'' * '' Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus'' * ''Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus'' * '' Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus'' * '' Buzura suppressaria nucleopolyhedrovirus'' * '' Catopsilia pomona nucleopolyhedrovirus'' * '' Choristoneura fumiferana DEF multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus'' * '' Choristoneura fumiferana multiple nucleopolyhed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betabaculovirus
''Betabaculovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Baculoviridae''. Arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are 26 species in this genus. Taxonomy The following species are assigned to the genus: * '' Adoxophyes orana granulovirus'' * '' Agrotis segetum granulovirus'' * ''Artogeia rapae granulovirus'' * '' Choristoneura fumiferana granulovirus'' * ''Clostera anachoreta granulovirus'' * '' Clostera anastomosis granulovirus A'' * '' Clostera anastomosis granulovirus B'' * ''Cnaphalocrocis medinalis granulovirus'' * ''Cryptophlebia leucotreta granulovirus'' * ''Cydia pomonella granulovirus'' * '' Diatraea saccharalis granulovirus'' * '' Epinotia aporema granulovirus'' * ''Erinnyis ello granulovirus'' * '' Harrisina brillians granulovirus'' * '' Helicoverpa armigera granulovirus'' * ''Lacanobia oleracea granulovirus'' * ''Mocis latipes granulovirus'' * ''Mythimna unipuncta granulovirus A'' * ''Mythimna unipuncta granulovirus B'' * ''Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus'' * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deltabaculovirus
''Deltabaculovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Baculoviridae ''Baculoviridae'' is a family of viruses. Arthropods, among the most studied being Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, serve as natural hosts. Currently, 85 species are placed in this family, assigned to four genera. Baculoviruses are known ...''. Mosquito larvae serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: ''Culex nigripalpus nucleopolyhedrovirus''. Structure Viruses in ''Deltabaculovirus'' are enveloped. Genomes are circular, around 80-180kb in length. The genome codes for 100 to 180 proteins. Life cycle Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral glycoproteins to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the dsDNA bidirectional replication model. DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear pore export, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gammabaculovirus
''Gammabaculovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Baculoviridae''. Hymenoptera Hymenoptera is a large order (biology), order of insects, comprising the sawfly, sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants. Over 150,000 living species of Hymenoptera have been described, in addition to over 2,000 extinct ones. Many of the species are Par ... serve as natural hosts. There are two species in this genus. Taxonomy The following species are assigned to the genus: *'' Neodiprion lecontei nucleopolyhedrovirus'' *'' Neodiprion sertifer nucleopolyhedrovirus'' Structure Viruses in ''Gammabaculovirus'' are enveloped. Genomes are circular, around 82-86kb in length. The genome codes for 90 proteins. Life cycle Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral glycoproteins to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the dsDNA bidirectional replication model. DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
High Five Cells
High Five (BTI-Tn-5B1-4) is an insect cell line that originated from the ovarian cells of the cabbage looper, ''Trichoplusia ni.'' It was developed by the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research. High Five cells have become one of the most commonly used cell lines for recombinant protein expression using baculovirus or transfection, and have been demonstrated to express more recombinant protein than other lepidopteran cell lines, such as Sf9 cells. The High Five cells have been used to produce the VLP-based HPV vaccine Cervarix. They can be grown in the absence of serum, and can be cultured in a loose attached state or in suspension High Five cells produce abundant microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNA Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded RNA at first non-coding RNA molecules, typically 20-24 (normally 21) base pairs in length, similar to miRNA, and operating wi ...s (siRNAs), and PIWI-in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sf21
Sf21 (officially called IPLB-Sf21-AE) is a continuous cell line developed from ovaries of the Fall Army worm, ''Spodoptera frugiperda'', a moth species that is an agricultural pest on corn and other grass species. It was originally developed in the United States at the Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. Sf9 is a substrain ( clone) of these cells that was isolated from Sf21 by researchers at Texas A&M University. Both the clone and parent strains of the cells have been extensively used in research on viruses, especially baculovirus ''Baculoviridae'' is a family of viruses. Arthropod Arthropods (, (gen. ποδός)) are invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a Segmentation (biology), segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropod ...es in their use for producing recombinant proteins. References {{cite journal , author=Vaughn, J. L. , author2=Goodwin, R. H. , author3=Tompkins, G. J. , author4=McCawley ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cell Culture
Cell culture or tissue culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. The term "tissue culture" was coined by American pathologist Montrose Thomas Burrows. This technique is also called micropropagation. After the cells of interest have been isolated from living tissue, they can subsequently be maintained under carefully controlled conditions the need to be kept at body temperature (37 °C) in an incubator. These conditions vary for each cell type, but generally consist of a suitable vessel with a substrate or rich medium that supplies the essential nutrients (amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals), growth factors, hormones, and gases ( CO2, O2), and regulates the physio-chemical environment (pH buffer, osmotic pressure, temperature). Most cells require a surface or an artificial substrate to form an adherent culture as a monolayer (one single-cell thick), whereas others can be grown ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bombyx Mori
The domestic silk moth (''Bombyx mori''), is an insect from the moth family Bombycidae. It is the closest relative of ''Bombyx mandarina'', the wild silk moth. The silkworm is the larva or caterpillar of a silk moth. It is an economically important insect, being a primary producer of silk. A silkworm's preferred food are white mulberry leaves, though they may eat other mulberry species and even the osage orange. Domestic silk moths are entirely dependent on humans for reproduction, as a result of millennia of selective breeding. Wild silk moths (other species of ''Bombyx'') are not as commercially viable in the production of silk. Sericulture, the practice of breeding silkworms for the production of raw silk, has been under way for at least 5,000 years in China, whence it spread to India, Korea, Nepal, Japan, and the West. The domestic silk moth was domesticated from the wild silk moth ''Bombyx mandarina'', which has a range from northern India to northern China, Korea, Japan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diptera
Flies are insects of the order Diptera, the name being derived from the Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced mechanosensory organs known as halteres, which act as high-speed sensors of rotational movement and allow dipterans to perform advanced aerobatics. Diptera is a large order containing an estimated 1,000,000 species including horse-flies, crane flies, hoverflies and others, although only about 125,000 species have been described. Flies have a mobile head, with a pair of large compound eyes, and mouthparts designed for piercing and sucking (mosquitoes, black flies and robber flies), or for lapping and sucking in the other groups. Their wing arrangement gives them great maneuverability in flight, and claws and pads on their feet enable them to cling to smooth surfaces. Flies undergo complete metamorphosis; the eggs are often laid on the l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) that bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome. Recombinant DNA is the general name for a piece of DNA that has been created by combining at least two fragments from two different sources. Recombinant DNA is possible because DNA molecules from all organisms share the same chemical structure, and differ only in the nucleotide sequence within that identical overall structure. Recombinant DNA molecules are sometimes called chimeric DNA, because they can be made of material from two different species, like the mythical chimera. R-DNA technology uses palindromic sequences and leads to the production of sticky and blunt ends. The DNA sequences used in the construction of recombinant DNA molecules can originate from any species. For example, plant DNA may be joined to bacter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endosome
Endosomes are a collection of intracellular sorting organelles in eukaryotic cells. They are parts of endocytic membrane transport pathway originating from the trans Golgi network. Molecules or ligands internalized from the plasma membrane can follow this pathway all the way to lysosomes for degradation or can be recycled back to the cell membrane in the endocytic cycle. Molecules are also transported to endosomes from the trans Golgi network and either continue to lysosomes or recycle back to the Golgi apparatus. Endosomes can be classified as early, sorting, or late depending on their stage post internalization. Endosomes represent a major sorting compartment of the endomembrane system in cells. Function Endosomes provide an environment for material to be sorted before it reaches the degradative lysosome. For example, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is taken into the cell by binding to the LDL receptor at the cell surface. Upon reaching early endosomes, the LDL dissociates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cell Membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane (PM) or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space). The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, made up of two layers of phospholipids with cholesterols (a lipid component) interspersed between them, maintaining appropriate membrane fluidity at various temperatures. The membrane also contains membrane proteins, including integral proteins that span the membrane and serve as membrane transporters, and peripheral proteins that loosely attach to the outer (peripheral) side of the cell membrane, acting as enzymes to facilitate interaction with the cell's environment. Glycolipids embedded in the outer lipid layer serve a similar purpose. The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells and organelles, being selectively permeable to ions a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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