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Breitkopf Fraktur
Breitkopf Fraktur is a Blackletter font designed by typographer and German music publisher Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf (1719–1794). Breitkopf was the son of the publisher Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf, founder of the publishing house Breitkopf & Härtel, a firm that continues to the present day. Breitkopf supervised the creation of the typeface, produced in his office as early as 1750. The type design was performed by punchcutters Christian Zinck, Johann Michael Schmidt and Johann Peter Astropacus, based on an old fraktur typeface called ''Neudörffer-Andreä Fraktur'', discovered by Breitkopf when he was printing Dürer's ''Unterweysung''. In that sense, ''Breitkopf Fraktur'' marks a departure from the overly ornate Baroque shapes popular at the time, and a return to the austere calligraphic roots of Fraktur typefaces. Digital versions of ''Breitkopf Fraktur'' are available through several digital type foundries. See also * Fette Fraktur * Fraktur Fraktur () is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kant Breitkopf-Fraktur
Immanuel Kant (, , ; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers. Born in Königsberg, Kant's comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics have made him one of the most influential figures in modern Western philosophy. In his doctrine of transcendental idealism, Kant argued that space and time are mere "forms of intuition" which structure all experience, and therefore that, while "things-in-themselves" exist and contribute to experience, they are nonetheless distinct from the objects of experience. From this it follows that the objects of experience are mere "appearances", and that the nature of things as they are in themselves is unknowable to us. In an attempt to counter the skepticism he found in the writings of philosopher David Hume, he wrote the '' Critique of Pure Reason'' (1781/1787), one of his most well-known works. In it, he developed his theory of experienc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blackletter
Blackletter (sometimes black letter), also known as Gothic script, Gothic minuscule, or Textura, was a script used throughout Western Europe from approximately 1150 until the 17th century. It continued to be commonly used for the Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish languages until the 1870s, and for the German language until the 1940s, when Hitler's distaste for the supposedly "Jewish-influenced" script saw it officially discontinued in 1941. Fraktur is a notable script of this type, and sometimes the entire group of blackletter faces is incorrectly referred to as Fraktur. Blackletter is sometimes referred to as Old English, but it is not to be confused with the Old English language, which predates blackletter by many centuries and was written in the insular script or in Futhorc. Along with Italic type and Roman type, blackletter served as one of the major typefaces in the history of Western typography. Origins Carolingian minuscule was the direct ancestor of blackletter. Blacklett ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Typographer
Typography is the art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible, readable and appealing when displayed. The arrangement of type involves selecting typefaces, point sizes, line lengths, line-spacing ( leading), and letter-spacing (tracking), as well as adjusting the space between pairs of letters ( kerning). The term ''typography'' is also applied to the style, arrangement, and appearance of the letters, numbers, and symbols created by the process. Type design is a closely related craft, sometimes considered part of typography; most typographers do not design typefaces, and some type designers do not consider themselves typographers. Typography also may be used as an ornamental and decorative device, unrelated to the communication of information. Typography is the work of typesetters (also known as compositors), typographers, graphic designers, art directors, manga artists, comic book artists, and, now, anyone who arranges words, letters, num ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Music Publisher (sheet Music)
A music publisher is a type of publisher that specializes in distributing music. Music publishers originally published sheet music. When copyright became legally protected, music publishers started to play a role in the management of the intellectual property of composers. Music print publishing The term music publisher originally referred to publishers who issued hand-copied or printed sheet music. Examples (who are actively in business ) include: * Breitkopf & Härtel, Leipzig, founded 1719 * Schott, Mainz, 1770 * Oxford University Press, Oxford, founded 18th century * Edition Peters, Leipzig, 1800 * Casa Ricordi, Milan, founded 1808 (now owned by Universal Music Publishing Group) * G. Schirmer, Inc., New York, founded 1861 (now owned by Wise Music Group) * Universal Edition, Vienna, 1901 * Bärenreiter, founded 1923 * Boosey & Hawkes, London, founded 1930 (now owned by Concord) * Hans Sikorski, Hamburg, 1935 (now owned by Concord) * PWM, Kraków, founded 1945 * G. Henle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf
Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf (Leipzig, 23 November 1719 – 28 January 1794, Leipzig) was a German music publisher and typographer. Biography Breitkopf was the son of the publisher Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf, founder of the publishing house Breitkopf & Härtel. He was born in Leipzig and attended the University of Leipzig. His investigations in history and mathematics led him to a scientific study of printing, which resulted in a more artistic development of German text, and an improvement of musical notation (1754). He revolutionized the music score printing with movable type Movable type (US English; moveable type in British English) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document (usually individual alphanumeric characters or punctuatio ...s, and fonts designed as Breitkopf Fraktur. References * * * External links * German typographers and type designers 1719 births 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf
Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf (2 March 1695 in Clausthal, now Clausthal-Zellerfeld – 26 March 1777 in Leipzig) was a German printer and publisher, and founder of the publisher that became Breitkopf & Härtel. In 1714 he moved to Leipzig and worked for one year in a print shop. After working for several months in Jena, and three years in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, he returned to Leipzig in 1718, married Sophia Maria Müller and inherited an existing print shop, established in 1664, which he rescued from the brink of economic ruin. He began publishing with the 1723 printing of a manual of the Hebrew Bible. After the death of his wife, Breitkopf remarried in 1739 to Sophia Theodore Kayser. He passed on the printing business to his son Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf (Leipzig, 23 November 1719 – 28 January 1794, Leipzig) was a German music publisher and typographer. Biography Breitkopf was the son of the publisher Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Breitkopf & Härtel
Breitkopf & Härtel is the world's oldest music publishing house. The firm was founded in 1719 in Leipzig by Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf. The catalogue currently contains over 1,000 composers, 8,000 works and 15,000 music editions or books on music. The name "Härtel" was added when Gottfried Christoph Härtel took over the company in 1795. In 1807, Härtel began to manufacture pianos, an endeavour which lasted until 1870. The Breitkopf pianos were highly esteemed in the 19th century by pianists like Franz Liszt and Clara Schumann. In the 19th century the company was for many years the publisher of the ''Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung'', an influential music journal. The company has consistently supported contemporary composers and had close editorial collaboration with Beethoven, Haydn, Mendelssohn, Schumann, Chopin, Liszt, Wagner and Brahms. In the 19th century they also published the first "complete works" editions of various composers, for instance Bach (the Bach-Gesells ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fette Fraktur
Fette Fraktur is a blackletter typeface of the sub-classification Fraktur designed by the German punchcutter Johann Christian Bauer (1802–1867) in 1850. The C.E. Weber Foundry published a version in 1875, and the D Stempel AG foundry published the version shown at right in 1908. Fette Fraktur (German for bold Fraktur) is based on the Fraktur type of blackletter faces. This heavy nineteenth century version was developed more for advertising than text, similar to the extremely heavy fat faceadvertising versions of Didone classification faces. History For a span of nearly a hundred years, the original Fraktur script was used as a standard text face in German-speaking Europe and parts of Scandinavia. During the period of the Third Reich Fraktur and blackletter faces were initially approved of in contrast to sans-serif faces (associated with the Bauhaus and cultural Bolshevism). Approved use of blackletter Fraktur faces by the Nazi regime continued until January 3, 1941, when Mar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fraktur
Fraktur () is a calligraphic hand of the Latin alphabet and any of several blackletter typefaces derived from this hand. The blackletter lines are broken up; that is, their forms contain many angles when compared to the curves of the Antiqua (common) typefaces modeled after antique Roman square capitals and Carolingian minuscule. From this, Fraktur is sometimes contrasted with the "Latin alphabet" in northern European texts, which is sometimes called the "German alphabet", simply being a typeface of the Latin alphabet. Similarly, the term "Fraktur" or "Gothic" is sometimes applied to ''all'' of the blackletter typefaces (known in German as , "Broken Script"). The word derives from Latin ("a break"), built from , passive participle of ("to break"), the same root as the English word "fracture". Characteristics Besides the 26 letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet, Fraktur includes the ( ), vowels with umlauts, and the (''long s''). Some Fraktur typefaces also include a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
