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Bosnian Uprising (1831–1832)
The Bosnian uprising was a revolt of Bosnian ayans against the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II. The ''casus belli'' were reforms implemented by the Sultan to abolish the ayan system. Despite winning several notable victories, the rebels were eventually defeated in a battle near Sarajevo in 1832. Internal discord contributed to the failure of the rebellion, because Gradaščević was not supported by much of the Herzegovinian ayans. As a result, Ali Pasha Rizvanbegović was named ''pasha'' of the Herzegovina Eyalet which was seceded in 1833. The Sultan implemented ''the new the pasha's representative'' system, abolishing the old ayan system. The new pasha's representatives were mostly old ayans, but in 1850 Omer Pasha completely eliminated old ayan families. Background Sultan Mahmud II started the process of reforms in the Ottoman Empire with the ultimate goal of strengthening the central authorities and modernising the Ottoman state to follow the European trend. The abolishme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tanzimat
The Tanzimat (; ota, تنظيمات, translit=Tanzimāt, lit=Reorganization, ''see'' nizām) was a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began with the Gülhane Hatt-ı Şerif in 1839 and ended with the First Constitutional Era in 1876. The Tanzimat era began with the purpose, not of radical transformation, but of modernization, desiring to consolidate the social and political foundations of the Ottoman Empire. It was characterised by various attempts to modernise the Ottoman Empire and to secure its territorial integrity against internal nationalist movements and external aggressive powers. The reforms encouraged Ottomanism among the diverse ethnic groups of the Empire and attempted to stem the tide of the rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire. Historian Hans-Lukas Kieser has argued that the reforms led to "the rhetorical promotion of equality of non-Muslims with Muslims on paper vs. the primacy of Muslims in practice"; other historians have argued that the ability ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ammar Hađič
{{disambiguation ...
Ammar : * Ammar (name), given name of Arabic origin. Meaning “The Creator” * Given names * Ammar Abdulhamid, Syrian writer * Ammar Campa-Najjar, American politician * Ammar bin Humaid Al Nuaimi, Crown Prince of the Emirate of Ajman * Ammar al-Qurabi, Syrian human rights activist * Ammar ibn Yasir, one of the companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad Surname * Al-Hasan ibn Ammar, Arab commander and statesman for the Fatimid Caliphate. * Michael Ammar, American magician * Muhammad ibn Ammar, Muwallad poet from Silves * Rachid Ammar, chief of staff of the Tunisian Armed Forces See also * Amar (other) * Amr (name) * Omar (name) Omar/Umar ( ar, عمر) is a masculine given name that has different origins in three languages across the world (Arabic, Hebrew and Germanic) even though it is best known as an Arabic name and the name Omar was mentioned in the Old Testament. Oma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nizam-i Djedid Army
The Nizam-ı Cedid Army refers to the new military establishment of the Nizam-ı Cedid reform program. The Nizam-i Cedid army was largely a failure in its own time, but proved to be a much more effective infantry force than the Janissaries. After losing the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–92 in 1792 to Austria and Russia, Selim III concluded that Ottoman military was in serious need of reform if the empire was to survive. As a result, he began implementing a series of reforms aimed at reorganizing the military after the fashion of European militaries. This included the usage of European training tactics, weapons, and even officers. These reforms troubled the Janissaries, who were suspicious and unreceptive towards the reforms. To this end, Selim III created the ''Nizam-i Djedid'' in 1797 in order to develop a replacement for the Janissaries. By 1806 this new army stood 26,000 men strong, equipped with a French-style uniforms, European weapons, and a modern artillery corps. Due to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constitutional Monarchy
A constitutional monarchy, parliamentary monarchy, or democratic monarchy is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in decision making. Constitutional monarchies differ from absolute monarchies (in which a monarch is the only decision-maker) in that they are bound to exercise powers and authorities within limits prescribed by an established legal framework. Constitutional monarchies range from countries such as Liechtenstein, Monaco, Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait, and Bahrain, where the constitution grants substantial discretionary powers to the sovereign, to countries such as Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Sweden, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Japan, where the monarch retains significantly less personal discretion in the exercise of their authority. ''Constitutional monarchy'' may refer to a system in which the monarch acts as a non-party political head of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theocracy
Theocracy is a form of government in which one or more deity, deities are recognized as supreme ruling authorities, giving divine guidance to human intermediaries who manage the government's daily affairs. Etymology The word theocracy originates from the el, θεοκρατία () meaning "the rule of God". This, in turn, derives from :wikt:θεός, θεός (theos), meaning "god", and :wikt:κρατέω, κρατέω (''krateo''), meaning "to rule". Thus the meaning of the word in Greek was "rule by god(s)" or human incarnation(s) of god(s). The term was initially coined by Flavius Josephus in the first century AD to describe the characteristic government of the Jews. Josephus argued that while mankind had developed many forms of rule, most could be subsumed under the following three types: monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy. However, according to Josephus, the government of the Jews was unique. Josephus offered the term "theocracy" to describe this polity in which God was s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Janissaries
A Janissary ( ota, یڭیچری, yeŋiçeri, , ) was a member of the elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and the first modern standing army in Europe. The corps was most likely established under sultan Orhan (1324–1362), during the Grand vizier, Viziership of Alaeddin Pasha (vizier), Alaeddin. Janissaries began as elite corps made up through the devşirme system of Ghilman, child levy, by which Christians, Christian Albania under the Ottoman Empire, Albanians, Romanians, Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, Armenians, Ottoman Bulgaria, Bulgarians, Croats, Ottoman Greeks, Greeks and Ottoman Serbs, Serbs were taken, levied, subjected to Forced circumcision, circumcision and Forced conversion#Islam, conversion to Islam, and incorporated into the Ottoman army. They became famed for internal cohesion cemented by strict discipline and order. Unlike typical slaves, they were paid regular salaries. Forbidden to marry before the age of 40 or engage in tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spahi
Spahis () were light-cavalry regiments of the French army recruited primarily from the indigenous populations of Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco. The modern French Army retains one regiment of Spahis as an armoured unit, with personnel now recruited in mainland France. Senegal also maintains a mounted unit with spahi origins as a presidential escort: the Red Guard. Etymology The name is the French form of the Ottoman Turkish word , a word derived from New Persian , meaning "army", or "horsemen"; or from , meaning "warriors". Early history Following the French occupation of Algiers in 1830, detachments of locally recruited irregular horsemen were attached to the regiments of light cavalry assigned to North African service. These auxiliaries were designated as ''chasseurs spahis''. Between 1834 and 1836 they were organised into four squadrons of regular spahis. In 1841 the 14 squadrons by then in existence were brought together in a single corps of spahis. Finally, in 1845 t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mahmud2
Mahmud is a transliteration of the male Arabic given name (), common in most parts of the Islamic world. It comes from the Arabic triconsonantal root Ḥ-M-D, meaning ''praise'', along with ''Muhammad''. Siam Mahmud *Mahmood (singer) (born 1992), full name Alessandro Mahmoud, Italian singer of Italian and Egyptian origin *Mahmoud (horse) (foaled 1933), French-bred, British-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire *Mehmood (actor), Indian actor, singer, director and producer Given name Mahmood *Mahmood Ali (1928–2008), Pakistani radio, television and stage artist *Mahmood Hussain (cricketer) (1932–1991), Pakistani Test cricketer * Mahmood Hussain (councillor), former Lord Mayor of Birmingham, England *Mahmood Mamdani (born 1946), Ugandan academic, author and political commentator *Mahmood Monshipouri (born 1952), Iranian-born American scholar, educator, and author *Mahmood Shaam (born 1940), Pakistani Urdu language journalist, poet writer and analyst *Mahmood (singer) (born 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Omer Pasha
Omer Pasha, also known as Omer Pasha Latas ( tr, Ömer Lütfi Paşa, sr, Омер-паша Латас, Omer-paša Latas; 24 September 1806 – 18 April 1871) was an Ottoman field marshal and governor. Born in Austrian territory to Serbian Orthodox Christian parents, he initially served as an Austrian soldier. When faced with charges of embezzlement, he fled to Ottoman Bosnia in 1823 and converted to Islam; he then joined the Ottoman army, where he quickly rose through the ranks. Latas crushed several rebellions throughout the Ottoman Empire, and served as a commander in the Crimean War of 1853-1856, where he defeated the Russians at Silistra (1854), regaining Bucharest and occupying the Danubian Principalities. He also won notable victories at Oltenița, Eupatoria (1855) and participated in the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855). As a commander Omer Pasha was noted especially for his excellent strategic skills. Early life Omer Pasha was born Mihajlo Latas ( sr, Мих ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pasha
Pasha, Pacha or Paşa ( ota, پاشا; tr, paşa; sq, Pashë; ar, باشا), in older works sometimes anglicized as bashaw, was a higher rank in the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitary, dignitaries, and others. As an honorific, honorary title, ''Pasha'', in one of its various ranks, is similar to a British Peerage of the United Kingdom, peerage or knighthood, and was also one of the highest titles in the 20th-century Kingdom of Egypt. The title was also used in Morocco in the 20th century, where it denoted a regional official or governor of a district. Etymology The English word "pasha" comes from Turkish language, Turkish ('; also ()). The Oxford Dictionaries (website), Oxford Dictionaries attributes the origin of the English borrowing to the mid-17th century. The etymology of the Turkish word itself has been a matter of debate. Contrary to titles like emir (''amīr'') and bey (''beg''), which were es ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ali Pasha Rizvanbegović
Ali Pasha Rizvanbegović (1783 – 20 March 1851; Turkish: Ali Paşa Rıdvanbegoviç) was a Herzegovinian Ottoman captain (administrator) of Stolac from 1813 to 1833 and the semi-independent ruler (vizier) of the Herzegovina Eyalet from 1833 to 1851. The eyalet had been created specifically for him as a reward for helping to suppress the local Gradaščević Rebellion against the Ottoman Empire. However, he was deposed and summarily executed when the authorities in Constantinople discovered that he was hatching plans to rule Herzegovina independently of the Porte. Early life Ali was born in Stolac to Zulfikar, the Ottoman captain of Stolac and Melikhane, a daughter of an Ottoman muteselim Omer Babić. Zulfikar previously married Omer's eldest daughter, but when she died, he married her sister Melikhane. His first wife bore him two sons, Mustafa and Mehmed, while Melikhane bore him four sons, Ali, Omer, Derviš, Halil, and a daughter Fatima. Zulfikar's health deteriorated i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarajevo
Sarajevo ( ; cyrl, Сарајево, ; ''see Names of European cities in different languages (Q–T)#S, names in other languages'') is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 275,524 in its administrative limits. The Sarajevo metropolitan area including Sarajevo Canton, Istočno Sarajevo, East Sarajevo and nearby municipalities is home to 555,210 inhabitants. Located within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia (region), Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of the Balkans, a region of Southern Europe. Sarajevo is the political, financial, social and cultural center of Bosnia and Herzegovina and a prominent center of culture in the Balkans. It exerts region-wide influence in entertainment, media, fashion and the arts. Due to its long history of religious and cultural diversity, Sarajevo is sometimes called the "Jerusalem of Europe" or "Jerusalem of the Balkans". It is o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
