Pasha, Pacha or Paşa ( ota, پاشا; tr, paşa; sq, Pashë; ar, باشا), in older works sometimes anglicized as bashaw, was a higher rank in the
Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to
governor
A governor is an administrative leader and head of a polity or political region, ranking under the head of state and in some cases, such as governors-general, as the head of state's official representative. Depending on the type of political ...
s,
general
A general officer is an Officer (armed forces), officer of highest military ranks, high rank in the army, armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry.
In some usages the term "general officer" refers t ...
s,
dignitaries, and others. As an
honorary title
A title is one or more words used before or after a person's name, in certain contexts. It may signify either generation, an official position, or a professional or academic qualification. In some languages, titles may be inserted between the f ...
, ''Pasha'', in one of its various ranks, is similar to a British
peerage
A peerage is a legal system historically comprising various hereditary titles (and sometimes non-hereditary titles) in a number of countries, and composed of assorted noble ranks.
Peerages include:
Australia
* Australian peers
Belgium
* Belgi ...
or
knighthood
A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the Pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity. Knighthood finds origins in the Gr ...
, and was also one of the highest titles in the 20th-century
Kingdom of Egypt
The Kingdom of Egypt ( ar, المملكة المصرية, Al-Mamlaka Al-Miṣreyya, The Egyptian Kingdom) was the legal form of the Egyptian state during the latter period of the Muhammad Ali dynasty's reign, from the United Kingdom's recog ...
. The title was also used in
Morocco
Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to ...
in the 20th century, where it denoted a regional official or governor of a district.
Etymology
The English word "pasha" comes from
Turkish ('; also ()).
The
Oxford Dictionaries Oxford dictionary may refer to any dictionary published by Oxford University Press, particularly:
Historical dictionaries
* ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'')
* ''Shorter Oxford English Dictionary'', abridgement of the ''OED''
Single-volume d ...
attributes the origin of the English borrowing to the mid-17th century.
The etymology of the Turkish word itself has been a matter of debate.
Contrary to titles like
emir
Emir (; ar, أمير ' ), sometimes transliterated amir, amier, or ameer, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or cerem ...
(''amīr'') and
bey
Bey ( ota, بك, beğ, script=Arab, tr, bey, az, bəy, tk, beg, uz, бек, kz, би/бек, tt-Cyrl, бәк, translit=bäk, cjs, пий/пек, sq, beu/bej, sh, beg, fa, بیگ, beyg/, tg, бек, ar, بك, bak, gr, μπέης) is ...
(''beg''), which were established in usage much earlier, the title ''pasha'' came into
Ottoman usage right after the reign of the
Osman I
Osman I or Osman Ghazi ( ota, عثمان غازى, translit= ʿOsmān Ġāzī; tr, I. Osman or ''Osman Gazi''; died 1323/4), sometimes transliterated archaically as Othman, was the founder of the Ottoman Empire (first known as the Ottoman Bey ...
(d. 1324), though it had been used before the Ottomans by some
Anatolian Turkish rulers of the same era.
Old Turkish had no fixed distinction between /b/ and /p/, and the word was spelled still in the 15th century.
According to ''
Online Etymology Dictionary'', the Turkish or was itself from Turkish / (, "head, chief"), itself from
Old Persian
Old Persian is one of the two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan language, Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of Sasanian Empire). Like other Old Iranian languages, it was known to its native ...
("master", from
Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo-E ...
*') and the root of the Persian word , .
According to Oxford Dictionaries, the Turkish word from which it was borrowed was formed as a result of the combination of the
Pahlavi words "lord", and ().
According to
Josef W. Meri
Josef (Yousef) Waleed Meri ( ar, يوسف وليد مرعي ''Yūsuf Walīd Marʿī'') is an American historian of Interfaith Relations in the Middle East in the College of Islamic Studies, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar. He is presentl ...
and
Jere L. Bacharach
Jere L. Bacharach (born 1938 in New York) is Professor Emeritus, Department of History, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Academia
Bacharach attended Trinity College, receiving his B.A. in 1960, Harvard University receiving his M.A ...
, the word is "more than likely derived from the Persian " (). The same view is held by
Nicholas Ostler
Nicholas Ostler (; born 20 May 1952) is a British scholar and author.
Biography and work
Ostler studied at Balliol College, Oxford, where he received degrees in Greek, Latin, philosophy, and economics. He later studied under Noam Chomsky at ...
, who mentions that the word was formed as a shortening of the Persian word .
Jean Deny
Jean Deny (12 July 1879 – 5 Novembre 1963) was a French grammarian, specialist of oriental languages.
Biography
Born to a French father and a Polish mother settled in Kiev, Jean Deny became familiar with the French, Polish, Ukrainian and Ru ...
also attributed its origin to , while repeating a suggestion by
Gerhard Doerfer
Gerhard Doerfer (8 March 1920 – 27 December 2003) was a German Turkologist, Altaicist, and philologist best known for his studies of the Turkic languages, especially Khalaj.
Biography
Doerfer was born on March 8, 1920 in Königsberg (presen ...
that it was influenced by
Turkic (), meaning "agent, tax collector".
Some theories have posited a Turkish or Turkic origin of the word, claiming it derived from (), which denoted a "principal elder brother" or "prince’s elder son" in the pre-Ottoman period.
According to etymologist , the word is derived from Turkish (, "boy, prince"), which is
cognate
In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words in different languages that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymology, etymological ancestor in a proto-language, common parent language. Because language c ...
with Persian (). Some earlier Turkish lexicographers, such as
Ahmed Vefik Paşa
Ahmed Vefik Pasha ( ota, احمد وفیق پاشا ) (3 July 1823 2 April 1891) was an Ottoman statesman, diplomat, scholar, playwright, and translator during the Tanzimat and First Constitutional Era periods. He was commissioned with top-rank ...
and Mehmed Salahi, argued it was most likely derived from Turkish ' or Turkish , the latter meaning "elder brother" and being a title given to some Ottoman provincial officials and
janissaries
A Janissary ( ota, یڭیچری, yeŋiçeri, , ) was a member of the elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and the first modern standing army in Europe. The corps was most likely established under sultan Orhan ( ...
.
As first used in western Europe, the title appeared in writing with the initial "b". The English forms ''bashaw'', ''bassaw'', ''bucha'', etc., general in the 16th and 17th century, derive through the medieval
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
and
Italian
Italian(s) may refer to:
* Anything of, from, or related to the people of Italy over the centuries
** Italians, an ethnic group or simply a citizen of the Italian Republic or Italian Kingdom
** Italian language, a Romance language
*** Regional Ita ...
word . Due to the Ottoman presence in the
Arab world
The Arab world ( ar, اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ '), formally the Arab homeland ( '), also known as the Arab nation ( '), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, refers to a vast group of countries, mainly located in Western A ...
, the title became used frequently in
Arabic
Arabic (, ' ; , ' or ) is a Semitic languages, Semitic language spoken primarily across the Arab world.Semitic languages: an international handbook / edited by Stefan Weninger; in collaboration with Geoffrey Khan, Michael P. Streck, Janet C ...
, though pronounced ''basha'' due to the absence of the /p/ sound in Arabic.
Role in Ottoman and Egyptian political system
![Ottoman tui 1877 romanian capture](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Ottoman_tui_1877_romanian_capture.jpg)
Within the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
, the
Sultan
Sultan (; ar, سلطان ', ) is a position with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the verbal noun ', meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it ...
had the right to bestow the title of ''Pasha''.
Lucy Mary Jane Garnett
Lucy Mary Jane Garnett (1849–1934) was a folklorist and traveller. She is best known for her work in Turkey. She also translated Greek folk poetry.
See also
*''Turkey of the Ottomans
''Turkey of the Ottomans'' is an anthropological boo ...
wrote in the 1904 work ''Turkish Life in Town and Country'' that it was the sole "Turkish title which carries with it any definite rank and precedence".
[ Garnett, Lucy Mary Jane. ''Turkish Life in Town and Country''. ]G.P. Putnam's Sons
G. P. Putnam's Sons is an American book publisher based in New York City, New York. Since 1996, it has been an imprint of the Penguin Group.
History
The company began as Wiley & Putnam with the 1838 partnership between George Palmer Putnam and ...
, 1904. p
5
It was through this custom that the title () came to be used in Egypt, which was conquered by the Ottomans in 1517. The rise to power in Egypt in 1805 by
Muhammad Ali
Muhammad Ali (; born Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American professional boxer and activist. Nicknamed "The Greatest", he is regarded as one of the most significant sports figures of the 20th century, a ...
, an
Albanian
Albanian may refer to:
*Pertaining to Albania in Southeast Europe; in particular:
**Albanians, an ethnic group native to the Balkans
**Albanian language
**Albanian culture
**Demographics of Albania, includes other ethnic groups within the country ...
military commander, effectively established
Egypt as a ''de facto'' independent state, however, it still owed technical fealty to the Ottoman Sultan. Moreover, Muhammad Ali harboured ambitions of supplanting the
Osman Dynasty in
Constantinople
la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه
, alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya (Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis (" ...
(now
Istanbul
Istanbul ( , ; tr, İstanbul ), formerly known as Constantinople ( grc-gre, Κωνσταντινούπολις; la, Constantinopolis), is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, serving as the country's economic, ...
), and sought to style his Egyptian realm as a successor
sultanate
This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continui ...
to the Ottoman Empire. As such, he bore the title of ''Pasha'', in addition to the official title of
Wāli
''Wāli'', ''Wā'lī'' or ''vali'' (from ar, والي ''Wālī'') is an administrative title that was used in the Muslim World (including the Caliphate and Ottoman Empire) to designate governors of administrative divisions. It is still in us ...
, and the self-declared title of
Khedive
Khedive (, ota, خدیو, hıdiv; ar, خديوي, khudaywī) was an honorific title of Persian origin used for the sultans and grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire, but most famously for the viceroy of Egypt from 1805 to 1914.Adam Mestyan"Kh ...
. His successors to the
Egyptian and Sudanese throne,
Ibrahim
Ibrahim ( ar, إبراهيم, links=no ') is the Arabic name for Abraham, a Biblical patriarch and prophet in Islam.
For the Islamic view of Ibrahim, see Abraham in Islam.
Ibrahim may also refer to:
* Ibrahim (name), a name (and list of people ...
,
Abbas,
Sa'id, and
Isma'il
Ismail ( ar, إِسْمَاعِيْل, ʾIsmāʿīl) is regarded as a prophet and messenger and the ancestor to the Ishmaelites in Islam. He is the son of Ibrahim (Abraham), born to Hajar (Hagar). Ismail is also associated with Mecca and the ...
also inherited these titles, with ''Pasha'', and ''Wāli'' ceasing to be used in 1867, when the
Ottoman Sultan
The sultans of the Ottoman Empire ( tr, Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922. At its hei ...
,
Abdülaziz officially recognised Isma'il as Khedive.
The title ''Pasha'' appears originally to have applied exclusively to military commanders and only high ranking family of the sultans, but subsequently it could distinguish any high official, and also unofficial persons whom the court desired to honour.
It was also part of the official style of the
Kapudan Pasha
The Kapudan Pasha ( ota, قپودان پاشا, modern Turkish: ), was the Grand Admiral of the navy of the Ottoman Empire. He was also known as the ( ota, قپودان دریا, links=no, modern: , "Captain of the Sea"). Typically, he was based ...
(Grand Admiral of the Ottoman fleet).
Pashas ranked above
Bey
Bey ( ota, بك, beğ, script=Arab, tr, bey, az, bəy, tk, beg, uz, бек, kz, би/бек, tt-Cyrl, бәк, translit=bäk, cjs, пий/пек, sq, beu/bej, sh, beg, fa, بیگ, beyg/, tg, бек, ar, بك, bak, gr, μπέης) is ...
s and
Aghas
Agha ( tr, ağa; ota, آغا; fa, آقا, āghā; "chief, master, lord") is an honorific title for a civilian or officer, or often part of such title. In the Ottoman times, some court functionaries and leaders of organizations like bazaar or ...
, but below
Khedive
Khedive (, ota, خدیو, hıdiv; ar, خديوي, khudaywī) was an honorific title of Persian origin used for the sultans and grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire, but most famously for the viceroy of Egypt from 1805 to 1914.Adam Mestyan"Kh ...
s and
Vizier
A vizier (; ar, وزير, wazīr; fa, وزیر, vazīr), or wazir, is a high-ranking political advisor or minister in the near east. The Abbasid caliphs gave the title ''wazir'' to a minister formerly called ''katib'' (secretary), who was a ...
s.
Three grades of Pasha existed, distinguished by the number of horse tails (three, two, and one respectively; a symbol of
Turco-Mongol
The Turco-Mongol or Turko-Mongol tradition was an ethnocultural synthesis that arose in Asia during the 14th century, among the ruling elites of the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate. The ruling Mongol elites of these Khanates eventually ...
tradition) or peacock tails that the bearers were entitled to display on their standard as a symbol of military authority when on campaign. Only the sultan himself was entitled to four tails, as
sovereign
''Sovereign'' is a title which can be applied to the highest leader in various categories. The word is borrowed from Old French , which is ultimately derived from the Latin , meaning 'above'.
The roles of a sovereign vary from monarch, ruler or ...
commander in chief.
The following military ranks entitled the holder to the style Pasha (lower ranks were styled Bey or merely
Effendi
Effendi or effendy ( tr, efendi ; ota, افندی, efendi; originally from grc-x-medieval, αφέντης ) is a title of nobility meaning ''sir'', ''lord'' or ''master'', especially in the Ottoman Empire and the Caucasus''.'' The title it ...
):
*The
Vizier-i-Azam
Grand vizier ( fa, وزيرِ اعظم, vazîr-i aʾzam; ota, صدر اعظم, sadr-ı aʾzam; tr, sadrazam) was the title of the effective head of government of many sovereign states in the Islamic world. The office of Grand Vizier was first ...
(Grand Vizier, the prime minister, but also often taking the field as Generalissimo instead of the Sultan)
*
Mushir
( ar, مشير) is an Arabic word meaning "counsellor" or "advisor". It is related to the word shura, meaning consultation or "taking counsel".
As an official title, it historically indicates a personal advisor to the ruler. In this use it is ...
(Field marshal)
*
Ferik (army lieutenant-general or navy vice-admiral)
*
Liva (major general or rear-admiral)
*The
Kizlar Agha
The kizlar agha ( ota, قيزلر اغاسی, tr, kızlar ağası, ), formally the agha of the House of Felicity ( ota, links=no, دار السعاده اغاسي, tr, links=no, Darüssaade Ağası), was the head of the eunuchs who guarded the i ...
(chief black eunuch, the highest officer in the
Topkapı Palace
The Topkapı Palace ( tr, Topkapı Sarayı; ota, طوپقپو سرايى, ṭopḳapu sarāyı, lit=cannon gate palace), or the Seraglio
A seraglio, serail, seray or saray (from fa, سرای, sarāy, palace, via Turkish and Italian) i ...
; three tails, as commander of the
baltadji The ''baltacı'' or ''baltadji'' (plural ''baltacılar'', "axemen") corps was a class of palace guards in the Ottoman Empire from the 15th to the early 19th centuries.
History
Also known by the equivalent Persian title ''tabardar'', the ''baltadji ...
corps of the halberdiers in the imperial army
*Constantinople's
Shaikh ul-Islam
Sheikh (pronounced or ; ar, شيخ ' , mostly pronounced , plural ' )—also transliterated sheekh, sheyikh, shaykh, shayk, shekh, shaik and Shaikh, shak—is an honorific title in the Arabic language. It commonly designates a chief of a ...
, the highest Muslim clergyman, of cabinet rank.
If a Pasha governed a provincial
territory
A territory is an area of land, sea, or space, particularly belonging or connected to a country, person, or animal.
In international politics, a territory is usually either the total area from which a state may extract power resources or a ...
, it could be called a ''
pashaluk
Eyalets (Ottoman Turkish: ایالت, , English: State), also known as beylerbeyliks or pashaliks, were a primary administrative division of the Ottoman Empire.
From 1453 to the beginning of the nineteenth century the Ottoman local government ...
'' after his military title, besides the administrative term for the type of jurisdiction, e.g. ''
eyalet
Eyalets ( Ottoman Turkish: ایالت, , English: State), also known as beylerbeyliks or pashaliks, were a primary administrative division of the Ottoman Empire.
From 1453 to the beginning of the nineteenth century the Ottoman local government ...
,
vilayet/walayah''. Both
Beylerbey
''Beylerbey'' ( ota, بكلربكی, beylerbeyi, lit=bey of beys, meaning the 'commander of commanders' or 'lord of lords') was a high rank in the western Islamic world in the late Middle Ages and early modern period, from the Anatolian Seljuks ...
s (governors-general) and
valis/wālis (the most common type of Governor) were entitled to the style of Pasha (typically with two tails). The word ''pashalik'' designated any
province
A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''Roman province, provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire ...
or other jurisdiction of a Pasha, such as the Pasha or Bashaw of
Tripoli
Tripoli or Tripolis may refer to:
Cities and other geographic units Greece
*Tripoli, Greece, the capital of Arcadia, Greece
* Tripolis (region of Arcadia), a district in ancient Arcadia, Greece
* Tripolis (Larisaia), an ancient Greek city in ...
.
Ottoman and Egyptian authorities conferred the title upon both
Muslim
Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...
s and
Christians
Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρι ...
without distinction. They also frequently gave it to foreigners in the service of the Ottoman Empire, or of the
Egyptian Khedivate (later
Sultanate
This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula, and continui ...
, and
Kingdom
Kingdom commonly refers to:
* A monarchy ruled by a king or queen
* Kingdom (biology), a category in biological taxonomy
Kingdom may also refer to:
Arts and media Television
* ''Kingdom'' (British TV series), a 2007 British television drama s ...
in turn), e.g.
Hobart Pasha
Augustus Charles Hobart-Hampden (1 April 182219 June 1886) was an English-born Ottoman admiral (hence widely known as Hobart Pasha).
Biography
Hobart-Hampden was born at Walton-on the-Wolds in Leicestershire, the third son of the 6th ...
.
In an Egyptian context, the
Abaza Family
The Abaza family ( ar, الأسرة الأباظية) is an Egyptian family of maternal Circassians, Circassian origin. They have had an influence in the late 18th century to modern times. They are believed to have a net worth of over US$800 mi ...
is known as "the family of the pashas" for having produced the largest number of nobles holding this title under the
Muhammad Ali dynasty and was noted in Egyptian media as one of the main "families that rule Egypt" to this day,
and as "deeply rooted in Egyptian society and… in the history of the country."
Honorific
As an honorific, the title Pasha was an aristocratic title and could be hereditary or non-hereditary, stipulated in the "Firman" (patent of nobility) issued by the Sultan carrying the imperial seal "Tughra". The title did not bestow rank or title to the wife nor was any religious leader elevated to the title. In contrast to western nobility titles, where the title normally is added before the given name, Ottoman titles followed the given name. In contacts with foreign emissaries and representatives, holders of the title Pasha were often referred to as "Your Excellency".
The sons of a Pasha were styled Pashazada or Pashazade, which means just that.
In modern
Egyptian
Egyptian describes something of, from, or related to Egypt.
Egyptian or Egyptians may refer to:
Nations and ethnic groups
* Egyptians, a national group in North Africa
** Egyptian culture, a complex and stable culture with thousands of years of ...
and (to a lesser extent)
Levantine Arabic
Levantine Arabic, also called Shami (autonym: or ), is a group of mutually intelligible vernacular Arabic varieties spoken in the Levant, in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and Turkey (historically in Adana, Mersin and Hatay on ...
, it is used as an honorific closer to "Sir" than "Lord", especially by older people. Among Egyptians born since the
Revolution of 1952 and the abolition of aristocratic titles, it is considered a highly formal way of addressing one's male peers.
The Republican Turkish authorities abolished the title circa the 1930s. Although it is no longer an official title, high-ranking officers of the
Turkish Armed Forces
The Turkish Armed Forces (TAF; tr, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri, TSK) are the military forces of the Republic of Turkey. Turkish Armed Forces consist of the General Staff, the Land Forces, the Naval Forces and the Air Forces. The current Chi ...
are often referred to as "pashas" by the Turkish public and media.
In the
French Navy
The French Navy (french: Marine nationale, lit=National Navy), informally , is the maritime arm of the French Armed Forces and one of the five military service branches of France. It is among the largest and most powerful naval forces in t ...
, "pasha" (''pacha'' in French) is the nickname of the
Commanding Officer
The commanding officer (CO) or sometimes, if the incumbent is a general officer, commanding general (CG), is the officer in command of a military unit. The commanding officer has ultimate authority over the unit, and is usually given wide latitu ...
, similar to the term "skipper" in the Anglophone navies.
List of notable pashas
![C P Stone LtGen Egyptian Army](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/C_P_Stone_LtGen_Egyptian_Army.jpg)
The inclusion criterion is that the person held the rank of "pasha" in his society
*
Abaza Family
The Abaza family ( ar, الأسرة الأباظية) is an Egyptian family of maternal Circassians, Circassian origin. They have had an influence in the late 18th century to modern times. They are believed to have a net worth of over US$800 mi ...
, Egyptian Pashas and
Bey
Bey ( ota, بك, beğ, script=Arab, tr, bey, az, bəy, tk, beg, uz, бек, kz, би/бек, tt-Cyrl, бәк, translit=bäk, cjs, пий/пек, sq, beu/bej, sh, beg, fa, بیگ, beyg/, tg, бек, ar, بك, bak, gr, μπέης) is ...
s
*
Abbas I of Egypt
Abbas Helmy I of Egypt (also known as ''Abbas Pasha'', ar, عباس الأول, tr, I. Abbas Hilmi Paşa 1 July 181213 July 1854) was the Wāli of Egypt and Sudan. He was a son of the Albanian Tusun Pasha, and a grandson of the Albanian Muham ...
*
Abbas II of Egypt
Abbas II Helmy Bey (also known as ''ʿAbbās Ḥilmī Pāshā'', ar, عباس حلمي باشا) (14 July 1874 – 19 December 1944) was the last Khedive ( Ottoman viceroy) of Egypt and Sudan, ruling from 8January 1892 to 19 December 1914 ...
*
Ali Pasha, multiple people
*
Andranik Pasha
*
Baker Pasha (Valentine Baker)
*
Barbarossa Khair ad-Din Pasha
*
Bucknam Pasha (Ransford Dodsworth Bucknam)
*
Ahmed Pasha (Claude Alexandre de Bonneval)
*
Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha
*
Djemal Pasha
Ahmed Djemal ( ota, احمد جمال پاشا, Ahmet Cemâl Paşa; 6 May 1872 – 21 July 1922), also known as Cemal Pasha, was an Ottoman military leader and one of the Three Pashas that ruled the Ottoman Empire during World War I.
Djemal w ...
*
Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha
Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha ("Ibrahim Pasha of Parga"; c. 1495 – 15 March 1536), also known as Frenk Ibrahim Pasha ("the Westerner"), Makbul Ibrahim Pasha ("the Favorite"), which later changed to Maktul Ibrahim Pasha ("the Executed") after his ex ...
("Ibrahim Pasha of Parga"), also known as ''Frenk Ibrahim Pasha'' ("the Westerner"), ''Makbul Ibrahim Pasha'' ("the Favorite") and ''Maktul Ibrahim Pasha'' ("the Executed")
*
Dragut
Dragut ( tr, Turgut Reis) (1485 – 23 June 1565), known as "The Drawn Sword of Islam", was a Muslim Ottoman naval commander, governor, and noble, of Turkish or Greek descent. Under his command, the Ottoman Empire's maritime power was extended ...
,
Ottoman Naval
A navy, naval force, or maritime force is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval warfare, naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral zone, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operations and ...
Commander
Commander (commonly abbreviated as Cmdr.) is a common naval officer rank. Commander is also used as a rank or title in other formal organizations, including several police forces. In several countries this naval rank is termed frigate captain.
...
& Pasha of
Tripoli
Tripoli or Tripolis may refer to:
Cities and other geographic units Greece
*Tripoli, Greece, the capital of Arcadia, Greece
* Tripolis (region of Arcadia), a district in ancient Arcadia, Greece
* Tripolis (Larisaia), an ancient Greek city in ...
*
Emin Pasha
185px, Schnitzer in 1875
Mehmed Emin Pasha (born Isaak Eduard Schnitzer, baptized Eduard Carl Oscar Theodor Schnitzer; March 28, 1840 – October 23, 1892) was an Ottoman physician of German Jewish origin, naturalist, and governor of the Egyp ...
*
Enver Pasha
İsmail Enver, better known as Enver Pasha ( ota, اسماعیل انور پاشا; tr, İsmail Enver Paşa; 22 November 1881 – 4 August 1922) was an Ottoman military officer, revolutionary, and convicted war criminal who formed one-third ...
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Essad Pasha Toptani
Essad Pasha Toptani or Esad Pasha Toptani ( sq, Esad Pashë Toptani; 1863/4 or 1875 – 13 June 1920), mainly known as Essad Pasha, was an Ottoman army officer who served as the Albanian deputy in the Ottoman Parliament. He was a prominent po ...
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Fakhri Pasha
Ömer Fahrettin Türkkan, commonly known as Fahreddin Pasha and nicknamed the Defender of Medina, was a Turkish career officer, who was the commander of the Ottoman Army and governor of Medina from 1916 to 1919. He was nicknamed "''The Lion of ...
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Fekry Pasha Abaza
Fekry Pasha Abaza (1895 – 9 February 1979) was an Egyptian journalist and democratic political activist.
Early life and education
Abaza was born in 1895 in the village of Kafr Abu Shehata in the East, Egypt. He was a member of the Abaza Fa ...
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Fuad Pasha
Mehmed Fuad Pasha (1814 – February 12, 1869), sometimes known as Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha and commonly known as Fuad Pasha, was an Ottoman administrator and statesman, who is known for his prominent role in the Tanzimat reforms of the ...
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Glubb Pasha
Lieutenant-General Sir John Bagot Glubb, KCB, CMG, DSO, OBE, MC, KStJ, KPM (16 April 1897 – 17 March 1986), known as Glubb Pasha, was a British soldier, scholar, and author, who led and trained Transjordan's Arab Legion between 1939 a ...
(Sir John Bagot Glubb)
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Gordon Pasha (Charles George Gordon)
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Guyon Pasha, (General Richard Guyon), also known as Kurshid Pasha
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Habib Abdoe'r Rahman Alzahier
Habib Abdoe'r Rahman Alzahier ( ar, حبيب عبد الرحمن بن الظاهر, ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān bin aẓ-ẓāhir; 1832 – 1896), born in Hadhramaut, was an Arab who played a major role in the Aceh War
The Aceh War ( id, Perang Ac ...
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Hagop Kazazian Pasha
Hagop Kazazian Pasha (alternative spelling: ''Agop Kazazyan'') (1836–1891) was a high-ranking Ottoman Armenian official, who served as the Minister of Finance and the Minister of the Privy Treasury during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. F ...
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Hajji Mustafa Pasha
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Hobart Pasha
Augustus Charles Hobart-Hampden (1 April 182219 June 1886) was an English-born Ottoman admiral (hence widely known as Hobart Pasha).
Biography
Hobart-Hampden was born at Walton-on the-Wolds in Leicestershire, the third son of the 6th ...
(Augustus Charles Hobart-Hampden)
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Hüseyin Tevfik Pasha, arms and algebra expert
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Hussein Refki Pasha
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Ibrahim Edhem Pasha
Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (1819–1893) was an Ottoman statesman, who held the office of Grand Vizier in the beginning of Abdul Hamid II's reign between 5 February 1877 and 11 January 1878. He resigned from that post after the Ottoman chances on winn ...
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İsmet Pasha (İsmet İnönü)
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Jafar al-Askari
Ja'far Pasha al-Askari ( ar, جعفر العسكري; 15 September 1885 – 29 October 1936) served twice as prime minister of Iraq: from 22 November 1923 to 3 August 1924; and from 21 November 1926 to 31 December 1927.
Al-Askari served in th ...
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Jamal Pasha
Ahmed Djemal ( ota, احمد جمال پاشا, Ahmet Cemâl Paşa; 6 May 1872 – 21 July 1922), also known as Cemal Pasha, was an Ottoman military leader and one of the Three Pashas that ruled the Ottoman Empire during World War I.
Djemal wa ...
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Judar Pasha
Judar Pasha ( ar, جؤذر باشا) was a Spanish-Moroccan military leader under the Saadian sultan Ahmad al-Mansur in the late 16th century. He led the Saadian army in the conquest of the Songhai Empire.
Born as Diego de Guevara in Cuevas del ...
, Moroccan general
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Kara Mustafa Pasha
Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha ( ota, مرزيفونلى قره مصطفى پاشا, tr, Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa; "Mustafa Pasha the Courageous of Merzifon"; 1634/1635 – 25 December 1683) was an Ottoman nobleman, military figure and Gr ...
*
Hicks Pasha
Colonel William Hicks, also known as Hicks Pasha, (18305 November 1883), British soldier, entered the Bombay Army in 1849, and served through the Indian mutiny, being mentioned in dispatches for good conduct at the action of Sitka Ghaut in 1 ...
(William Hicks), British Colonel, Hero of the Mahdist Wars
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Kazazian Pasha
*
Kilic Ali Pasha
* Multiple members of the
Köprülü family
The Köprülü family ( tr, Köprülü ailesi) was a noble family of Albanian origin in the Ottoman Empire.Ivo Banac''The national question in Yugoslavia: origins, history, politics'' , Cornell University 1988 page 292. The family hailed from th ...
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Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha
Lala Mustafa Pasha ( – 7 August 1580), also known by the additional epithet ''Kara'', was an Ottoman Bosnian general and Grand Vizier from the Sanjak of Bosnia.
Life
He was born around 1500, near the Glasinac in Sokolac Plateau in Bosnia ...
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Liman von Sanders Pasha (Otto Liman von Sanders)
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Goltz Pasha (Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz)
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Mahmud Dramali Pasha
Dramalı Mahmud Pasha, ( Turkish: ''Dramalı Mahmut Paşa''; c. 1770 in Istanbul – 26 October 1822, in Corinth) was an Ottoman
Albanian statesman and military leader, and a pasha, and served as governor (''wali'') of Larissa, Drama, and the M ...
, Ottoman general
*
Marcus Simaika Pasha, was an Egyptian Coptic leader, politician, and founder of the Coptic Museum in Cairo
*
Mehmed Pasha Sokolović
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Meissner Pasha Meissner, Meißner or Meisner may refer to:
Geography
Meissner is the name of the following geographic features:
* the Meißner (range), an important mountain range in Hesse, Germany
* Hoher Meißner, the highest peak of the Meißner range
* M ...
(Heinrich August Meissner)
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Melling Pasha (Antoine Ignace Melling)
*
Midhat Pasha
Ahmed Şefik Midhat Pasha ( ota , احمد شفيق مدحت پاشا, 18 October 1822 – 26 April 1883) was an Ottoman democrat, kingmaker and one of the leading statesmen during the late Tanzimat period. He is most famous for leading the O ...
*
Müezzinzade Ali Pasha
Müezzinzade Ali Pasha ( tr, Müezzinzade Ali Paşa; also known as Sofu Ali Pasha or Sufi Ali Pasha or Meyzinoğlu Ali Pasha; died 7 October 1571) was an Ottoman statesman and naval officer. He was the Grand Admiral (Kapudan Pasha) in command o ...
, Ottoman admiral
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Muhammad Ali Pasha
Muhammad Ali Pasha al-Mas'ud ibn Agha, also known as Muhammad Ali of Egypt and the Sudan ( sq, Mehmet Ali Pasha, ar, محمد علي باشا, ; ota, محمد علی پاشا المسعود بن آغا; ; 4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849), was ...
, viceroy of Egypt
* Mustafa Kemal Pasha, subsequently known as
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, or Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 1921 Surname Law (Turkey), until 1934 ( 1881 – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish Mareşal (Turkey), field marshal, Turkish National Movement, re ...
, founder of the post-Ottoman Turkish republic
*
Mustafa Reshid Pasha
Mustafa ( ar, مصطفى
, Muṣṭafā) is one of the names of Prophets and messengers in Islam, Prophet Muhammad, and the name means "chosen, selected, appointed, preferred", used as an Arabic language, Arabic given name and surname. Mustafa is ...
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Naguib Pasha Mahfouz
Naguib Pasha Mahfouz ( ar, نجيب باشا محفوظ / ALA-LC: ''Nagīb Bāshā Maḥfūẓ''; 5 January 1882 – 25 July 1974) is known as the father of obstetrics and gynaecology in Egypt and was a pioneer in obstetric fistula.
Early life ...
, is known as the father of obstetrics and gynaecology in Egypt and was a pioneer in obstetric fistula
*
Nubar Pasha
*
Osman Pasha Osman Pasha (also spelled ''Uthman Pasha'' or ''Othman Pasha'') may refer to:
* Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha (1527–1585), Ottoman grand vizier
* Bosniak Osman Pasha (died 1685), Ottoman governor of Egypt, Damascus, and Bosnia
* Topal Osman Pasha (16 ...
*
Omar Pasha Latas
Omer Pasha, also known as Omer Pasha Latas ( tr, Ömer Lütfi Paşa, sr, Омер-паша Латас, Omer-paša Latas; 24 September 1806 – 18 April 1871) was an Ottoman field marshal and governor. Born in Austrian territory to Serbian Or ...
*
Piyale Pasha
Piali Pasha, ( tr, Piyale Paşa; hu, Piali pasa) (c. 1515–1578) was an Ottoman Grand Admiral (Kapudan Pasha) between 1553 and 1567, and a Vizier (minister) after 1568. He is also known as Piale Pasha in English.
Early life
His exact place ...
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Radu Bey, Pasha of Wallachia, Brother of
Vlad III Tepes
Vlad III, commonly known as Vlad the Impaler ( ro, Vlad Țepeș ) or Vlad Dracula (; ro, Vlad Drăculea ; 1428/311476/77), was Voivode of Wallachia three times between 1448 and his death in 1476/77. He is often considered one of the most imp ...
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Regep Aga
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Riyad Pasha
Riyad Pasha (1835 or 1836–1911) was an Egyptian statesman. His name can also be spelled Riaz Pasha and Riyāḍ Bāshā ( ar, رياض باشا, links=no). He served as Prime Minister of Egypt three times during his career. His first term was ...
, Egyptian statesman
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Russell Pasha
Sir Thomas Wentworth Russell (1879–1954), better known as Russell Pasha, was a British police officer in the Egyptian service. He was the fourth child and third son of the Rev. Henry Charles Russell, the grandson of the sixth duke of Bedford, ...
, British officer in the Egyptian police
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Rüstem Pasha
Rüstem Pasha (; ota, رستم پاشا; 1505 – 10 July 1561) was an Ottoman statesman who served as Grand Vizier to Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent. Rüstem Pasha is also known as Damat Rüstem Pasha (the epithet ''damat'' meaning 'son- ...
the longest serving Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
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Said Pasha
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Şerif Pasha, Kurdish nationalist
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Sentot Prawirodirdjo
Sentot Prawirodirdjo (1807 – 17 April 1855), also known as Sentot Ali Pasha, was a Muslim military commander during the Java War.
Sentot was the son of Ronggo Prawirodirjo, who in turn was the brother-in-law of Sultan Hamengkubuwono IV. His fa ...
, known as "Alibasah Sentot" or "Sentot Ali Pasha".
Javanese Muslim commander during
Java War
The Java War ( jv, ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦗꦮ) or Diponegoro War () was fought in central Java from 1825 to 1830, between the colonial Dutch Empire and native Javanese rebels. The war started as a rebellion led by Prince Diponegoro, a leading member ...
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Sinan Pasha
Koca Sinan Pasha ( tr, Koca Sinan Paşa, "Sinan the Great"; c. 1506 - 3 April 1596) was an Albanian-born Ottoman Grand Vizier, military figure, and statesman. From 1580 until his death he served five times as Grand Vizier. In a Ragusan documen ...
,
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Stone Pasha (Charles Pomeroy Stone)
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Sulejman Pasha
Sulejman Pasha Bargjini (also known in sq, Sylejman Pashë Mulleti, tr, Berkinzâde Süleyman Paşa) was an ethnic Albanian general, nobleman and Governor of the Ottoman Empire. He was originally from Bargjin, but he settled in the village of ...
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Sultan al-Atrash
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Tahir Pasha, vali of Mosul 1910-12
*
Talat Pasha
Mehmed Talaat (1 September 187415 March 1921), commonly known as Talaat Pasha or Talat Pasha,; tr, Talat Paşa, links=no was an Ottoman politician and convicted war criminal of the late Ottoman Empire who served as its leader from 1913 t ...
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Tawfiq Bay
Tawfiq Bay, or Sayyid Ahmad Tawfiq Bay Sharif Efendi (Tevfik Pasha), ( ar, سيد احمد توفيق باي شريف أفندي; ) was a Syrian Arab traveler who had been in the service of King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia, eventually traveling to ...
(Tevfik Pasha), Arab pan-Islamist
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Tewfik Pasha
Mohamed Tewfik Pasha ( ar, محمد توفيق باشا ''Muḥammad Tawfīq Bāshā''; April 30 or 15 November 1852 – 7 January 1892), also known as Tawfiq of Egypt, was khedive of Egypt and the Sudan between 1879 and 1892 and the sixth rule ...
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Turhan Pasha Përmeti
Turhan Pasha Përmeti (19 December 1846 – 18 February 1927) was an Ottoman-Albanian politician, who served as the 2nd Prime Minister of Albania. He was also in service of the Ottoman state and held the title of Pasha of the Ottoman Empire.
Am ...
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Tusun Pasha
Tusun Pasha ( ota, طوسون پاشا, ar, طوسون باشا, tr, Tosun Paşa, Ahmet Tosun Paşa; 1794–28 September 1816) was the younger son of Muhammad Ali Pasha, Wāli of Egypt between 1805 and 1849, by Amina Hanim. He was the father ...
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Urabi Pasha
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Vartan Pasha
Hovsep Vartanian ( hy, Յովսէփ Վարդանեան), better known as Vartan Pasha ( hy, Վարդան փաշա; 1813 – 1879), was an Ottoman Armenian statesman, author, and journalist of the 19th century, promoted to the rank of pasha after ...
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Wehib Pasha
Wehib Pasha also known as Vehip Pasha, Mehmed Wehib Pasha, Mehmet Vehip Pasha (modern Turkish: ''Kaçı Vehip Paşa'' or ''Mehmet Vehip (Kaçı)'', 1877–1940), was a general in the Ottoman Army. He fought in the Balkan Wars and in several thea ...
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Williams Pasha (Sir William Williams), Canadian/British General
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Woods Pasha (Henry Felix Woods)
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Youssef Wahba Pasha, Egyptian Prime Minister
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Yusuf Murad Pasha (Józef Bem), Polish general and a national hero of Poland and Hungary, who served in the Ottoman Empire.
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Yusuf Karamanli, Pasha of Tripoli
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Ali Pasha Mubarak
Ali Pasha Mubarak ( ar, على مبارك, born 1823 or 1824- died on 14 November 1893) was an Egyptian public works and education minister during the second half of the nineteenth century. He is often considered one of the most influential and ta ...
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Qassim Pasha Al Zuhair, Pasha of Albasrah and Kuwait
*Krayem Pasha Al Nahar, Jordan
See also
*
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
*
Ottoman titles
This is a list of titles and appellations used in the Ottoman Empire. In place of surnames, Muslims in the Empire carried titles such as "Sultan", "Pasha", "Hoca", "Bey", "Mrs.#Non-English equivalents, Hanım", "Efendi", etc. These titles either d ...
Notes
References
*
* AllAboutTurkey.com
''The Ottoman harem''* PASHA Restaurant
''PASHA Restaurant''
{{Authority control
Noble titles of Egypt
Noble titles
Ottoman titles
Titles in Iran
Titles in Lebanon
Titles of national or ethnic leadership
Turkish titles
Turkish words and phrases
Bengali Muslim surnames
Titles in Bosnia and Herzegovina during Ottoman period