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Aristolochiales
Aristolochiales is an order of flowering plants. It is not recognised in the APG or APG II systems, in which it is considered a synonym of Piperales. It also is not recognized in the Thorne system. In the Cronquist, Dahlgren, Goldberg and Reveal systems it is composed of a single family, the Aristolochiaceae. In the Hutchinson system the carnivorous Nepenthaceae (now placed in Caryophyllales) and the parasitic Cytinaceae (now placed in Malvales) and Hydnoraceae (now placed in Piperales) are also included. In the Melchior (aka Engler) system Hydnoraceae and Rafflesiaceae (including Cytinaceae Cytinaceae is a family of parasitic flowering plants. It comprises two genera, ''Cytinus'' and ''Bdallophytum'', totalling ten species. These two genera were formerly placed in the family Rafflesiaceae, order Malpighiales. When they were separat ...) are included in addition to Aristolochiaceae. Historically recognized angiosperm orders {{Piperales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Melchior System
The Melchior system, "a reference in all taxonomic courses", is a classification system detailing the taxonomic system of the Angiospermae according to A. Engler's ''Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien'' (1964), also known as "modified or updated" Engler system. The collaborators in orders (and some families) were the following: * Hans Melchior in Casuarinales, Juglandales, Balanopales, Leitneriales, Salicales, Fagales, Urticales, Didiereaceae, Piperales, Aristolochiales, Guttiferales, Sarraceniales, Papaverales, Hydrostachyales, Podostemonales, Julianiales, Violales, Cucurbitales, Myrtiflorae, Umbelliflorae, Primulales, Tubiflorae, Plantaginales, Liliiflorae ''p. p.'', Spathiflorae and Microspermae. * G. Buchheim in Proteales, Cactales, Magnoliales and Ranunculales. * W. Schultze-Motel in Santalales, Balanophorales, Medusandrales, Rhamnales, Malvales, Diapensiales, Ericales and Cyperales. * Th. Eckardt in Polygonales, Centrospermae, Batales, Plumbaginales, Helobiae, Triuridales and Pand ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reveal System
A 20th-century system of plant taxonomy, the Reveal system (see also the Thorne & Reveal system) of plant classification was drawn up by the American botanist James Reveal (1941-2015). The system was published online in 1997 in ten parts as lecture notes comparing the major systems in use at that time. Subsequently, Reveal became an author with the consensus Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) on the APG II 2003 and APG III 2009 processes. Although this largely supplanted the earlier and competing systems, he collaborated with Robert Thorne on his system (2007), and subsequently continued to develop his own system. 1997 system * division Magnoliophyta angiosperms*: class Magnoliopsida *:: subclass Magnoliidae *: class Piperopsida *:: subclass Piperidae *:: subclass Nymphaeidae *:: subclass Nelumbonidae *: class Liliopsida monocots*:: subclass Triurididae *:: subclass Aridae *:: subclass Liliidae *:: subclass Arecidae *:: subclass Commelinidae *:: subclass Zingiberida ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hutchinson System
A system of plant taxonomy by John Hutchinson, the Hutchinson system, was published as ''The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny'' (two volumes) in three editions; 1st edition 1926–1934; 2nd edition 1959; 3rd edition, 1973. This classification is according to the 1st Edition Volume 1: Dicotyledonae 1926 and Volume 2:Monocotyledonae 1934. Hutchinson's system was one of the most influential revisions of taxonomy in the early twentieth century. Hutchinson is known for his 24 dicta on the classification of flowering plants. A key feature of his third edition in 1973 was based on the habit of the plant namely that herbaceous plants or ''Herbaceae'' are phylogenetically more recent than woody plants or ''Lignosae''. Phylum ''Angiospermae'' Subphylum ''Monocotyledons'' ;Divisions # Calyciferae # Corolliferae # Glumiflorae Calyciferae Corolliferae Glumiflorae Subphylum ''Dicotyledons'' ;Divisions # Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Piperales
Piperales is an order of flowering plants (4,170 recognized species). It necessarily includes the family Piperaceae but other taxa have been included or disincluded variously over time. Well-known plants which may be included in this order include black pepper, kava, pepper elder, lizard's tail, birthwort, and wild ginger. Classification APG system In the APG IV system, of 2016, this order is placed in the clade magnoliids and is circumscribed as follows: *order Piperales *: family Aristolochiaceae (including Asaraceae, Hydnoraceae and Lactoridaceae) *: family Piperaceae *: family Saururaceae This is an expansion from the APG system, of 1998, which used the same placement (in the magnoliids) but used this circumscription: * order Piperales'' *: family Aristolochiaceae *: family Lactoridaceae *: family Piperaceae *: family Saururaceae Earlier systems The Cronquist system, of 1981, placed the order in the subclass Magnoliidae of class Magnoliopsida dicotyledonsand used ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cronquist System
The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in a series of monographs and texts, including ''The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1968; 2nd edition, 1988) and ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1981) (''see'' Bibliography). Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two broad classes, Magnoliopsida ( dicotyledons) and Liliopsida (monocotyledons). Within these classes, related orders are grouped into subclasses. While the scheme was widely used, in either the original form or in adapted versions, many botanists now use the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants, first developed in 1998. The system as laid out in Cronquist's ''An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants'' (1981) counts 64 orders and 321 families in class Magnoliopsida and 19 orders and 65 families in class Liliopsida. ''The Evo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dahlgren System
One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by monocot specialist Rolf Dahlgren in 1975 and revised in 1977, and 1980. However, he is best known for his two treatises on monocotyledons in 1982 and revised in 1985. His wife Gertrud Dahlgren continued the work after his death. Dahlgren ranked the dicotyledons and monocotyledons as subclasses of the class of flowering plants (angiosperms) and further divided them into superorders. Originally (1975) he used the suffix ''-anae'', as did Cronquist, to designate these, but in 1980 changed this to ''-florae'' in accordance with Thorne. In the 1989 revision, published by his wife, the alternate names Magnoliidae and Liliidae were dropped in favour of Dicotyledon and Monocotyledon, and the suffix ''-florae'' reverted to ''-anae'' (''e.g.'' Alismatanae for Alismatiflorae). Reveal provides an extensive listing of Dahlgren's classification. (Note the synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for ea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Goldberg System
A system of plant taxonomy, the Goldberg system was published in: :* :* Aaron Goldberg treats the Angiosperms, in which he recognizes 334 families and 59 orders of dicotyledons and accept 57 families and 18 orders of monocotyledons: __TOC__ Dicotyledoneae *:::Classis Dicotyledoneae *::::Ordo Trochodendrales *:::::: Tetracentraceae *:::::: Trochodendraceae *:::::: Eupteleaceae *:::::: Cercidiphyllaceae *::::Ordo Hamamelidales *:::::: Platanaceae *:::::: Hamamelidaceae *:::::: Buxaceae *:::::: Myrothamnaceae *:::::: Daphniphyllaceae *:::::: Didymelaceae *::::Ordo Magnoliales *:::::: Magnoliaceae *:::::: Degeneriaceae *:::::: Himantandraceae *:::::: Winteraceae *:::::: Annonaceae *:::::: Eupomatiaceae *:::::: Myristicaceae *:::::: Canellaceae *:::::: Schisandraceae *:::::: Illiciaceae *:::::: Austrobaileyaceae *:::::: Trimeniaceae *:::::: Amborellaceae *:::::: Monimiaceae *:::::: Calycanthaceae *:::::: Idiospermaceae *::::Ordo Laurales *:::::: Gomortegaceae *:::::: Lauraceae *:: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aristolochiaceae
The Aristolochiaceae () are a family, the birthwort family, of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 known species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is ''Aristolochia'' L. Description They are mostly perennial, herbaceous plants, shrubs, or lianas. The membranous, cordate simple leaves are spread out, growing alternately along the stem on leaf stalks. The margins are commonly entire. No stipules are present. The bizarre flowers are large to medium-sized, growing in the leaf axils. They are bilaterally or radially symmetrical. Classification Aristolochiaceae are magnoliids, a basal group of angiosperms which are not part of the large categories of monocots or eudicots. As of APG IV (2016), the former families Hydnoraceae and Lactoridaceae are included, because exclusion would make Aristolochiaceae in the traditional sense paraphyletic. Some newer classification schemes, such as the update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, place the family Aristol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hydnoraceae
Hydnoroideae is a subfamily of parasitic flowering plants in the order Piperales. Traditionally, and as recently as the APG III system it given family rank under the name Hydnoraceae. It is now submerged in the Aristolochiaceae. It contains two genera, ''Hydnora'' and ''Prosopanche'': * ''Prosopanche'' is native to Central and South America ; * ''Hydnora'' can be found in semi-arid to desert regions of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and Madagascar. Members of this subfamily have been described as the strangest plants in the world. Description The most striking aspect of the Hydnoroideae is probably the complete absence of leaves (not even in modified forms such as scales). Some species are mildly thermogenic (capable of producing heat), presumably as a means of dispersing their scent. Morphology in pictures Image:HydnoraJohannisYoungParasiticAttachmentsWadMedaniSudanMusselman.jpg, ''Hydnora johannis'', young plant in Um Barona, Wad Medani, Sudan. Image:HydnoraTricepsRootsGems ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malvales
The Malvales are an order of flowering plants. As circumscribed by APG II-system, the order includes about 6000 species within 9 families. The order is placed in the eurosids II, which are part of the eudicots. The plants are mostly shrubs and trees; most of its families have a cosmopolitan distribution in the tropics and subtropics, with limited expansion into temperate regions. An interesting distribution occurs in Madagascar, where three endemic families of Malvales (Sphaerosepalaceae, Sarcolaenaceae and Diegodendraceae) occur. Many species of Malvaceae ''sensu lato'' are known for their wood, with that of ''Ochroma'' (balsa) being known for its lightness, and that of ''Tilia'' (lime, linden, or basswood) as a popular wood for carving. Fruit of the cacao tree (''Theobroma cacao'') are used as an ingredient for chocolate. Kola nuts (genus ''Cola'') are notable for their high content of caffeine and, in past, were commonly used for preparing of various cola drinks. Other well-k ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cytinaceae
Cytinaceae is a family of parasitic flowering plants. It comprises two genera, ''Cytinus'' and ''Bdallophytum'', totalling ten species. These two genera were formerly placed in the family Rafflesiaceae, order Malpighiales. When they were separated into a new family, it was initially placed in Malpighiales, but it has since been recognised as belonging to order Malvales The Malvales are an order of flowering plants. As circumscribed by APG II-system, the order includes about 6000 species within 9 families. The order is placed in the eurosids II, which are part of the eudicots. The plants are mostly shrubs and .... References External linksParasitic Plant Connection: Cytinaceae Parasitic plants Malvales families {{Malvales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caryophyllales
Caryophyllales ( ) is a diverse and heterogeneous order of flowering plants that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, beets, and many carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves. The betalain pigments are unique in plants of this order and occur in all its families with the exception of Caryophyllaceae and Molluginaceae. Description The members of Caryophyllales include about 6% of eudicot species. This order is part of the core eudicots. Currently, the Caryophyllales contains 37 families, 749 genera, and 11,620 species The monophyly of the Caryophyllales has been supported by DNA sequences, cytochrome c sequence data and heritable characters such as anther wall development and vessel-elements with simple perforations. Circumscription As with all taxa, the circumscription of Caryophyllales has changed within various classification systems. All systems recognize a core of families with centrospermous ovules and seeds. Mor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
