|
Ascoviridae Genome
''Ascoviridae'' is a family of double strand DNA viruses that infect primarily invertebrates, mainly noctuids and spodoptera species; it contains two genera, ''Ascovirus'', which contains three species, and ''Toursvirus'' with a single species ''Diadromus pulchellus toursvirus''. Taxonomy The family contains the following genera and species: * ''Ascovirus'' ** '' Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3a'' ** '' Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a'' ** '' Trichoplusia ni ascovirus 2a'' * '' Toursvirus'' ** ''Diadromus pulchellus toursvirus'' Genome The genome is not segmented and contains a single molecule of circular double-stranded DNA. The genome has a guanine + cytosine content of 42-60%. The genome of Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a has been sequenced. It is 156,922 bases in length and encodes 123 putative open reading frames. The G+C ratio is 49.2%. Among the encoded proteins are a caspase, a cathepsin B, several kinases, E3 ubiquitin ligases, a fatty acid elongase, a sphin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ascovirus
''Ascoviridae'' is a family of double strand DNA viruses that infect primarily invertebrates, mainly noctuids and spodoptera species; it contains two genera, ''Ascovirus'', which contains three species, and ''Toursvirus'' with a single species ''Diadromus pulchellus toursvirus''. Taxonomy The family contains the following genera and species: * '' Ascovirus'' ** '' Heliothis virescens ascovirus 3a'' ** '' Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a'' ** '' Trichoplusia ni ascovirus 2a'' * '' Toursvirus'' ** ''Diadromus pulchellus toursvirus'' Genome The genome is not segmented and contains a single molecule of circular double-stranded DNA. The genome has a guanine + cytosine content of 42-60%. The genome of Spodoptera frugiperda ascovirus 1a has been sequenced. It is 156,922 bases in length and encodes 123 putative open reading frames. The G+C ratio is 49.2%. Among the encoded proteins are a caspase, a cathepsin B, several kinases, E3 ubiquitin ligases, a fatty acid elongase, a sphi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patatin
Patatin is a family of glycoproteins found in potatoes (''Solanum tuberosum'') and is also known as tuberin as it is commonly found within vacuoles of parenchyma tissue in the tuber of the plant. They consist of about 366 amino acids all making up and isoelectric point of 4.9. They have a molecular weight ranging from 40 to 45 kDa, but are commonly found as a 80kDa dimer. The main function of patatin is as a storage protein but it also has lipase activity and can cleave fatty acids from membrane lipids. The patatin protein makes up about 40% of the soluble protein in potato tubers. Members of this protein family have also been found in animals. Allergy Patatin is identified as a major cause of potato allergy. It has found to be similar to latex, and when in contact with open skin, there has been an increase of immunoglobulin E which causes some allergic reactions and symptoms, such as asthmatic symptoms, or atopic dermatitis Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polydnaviridae
A polydnavirus (PDV) is a member of the family ''Polydnaviridae'' of insect viruses. There are two genera in the family: ''Bracovirus'' and ''Ichnovirus''. Polydnaviruses form a symbiotic relationship with parasitoid wasps; (ichnoviruses (IV) occur in ichneumonid wasps and bracoviruses (BV) in braconid wasps). The larvae of wasps in both of those groups are themselves parasitic on Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), and the polydnaviruses are important in circumventing the immune response of their parasitized hosts. Little or no sequence homology exists between BV and IV, suggesting that the two genera have been evolving independently for a long time. Taxonomy The genus contains the following genera: * ''Bracovirus'' * ''Ichnovirus'' Structure Viruses in ''Polydnaviridae'' are enveloped, with prolate ellipsoid and cylindrical geometries. Genomes are circular and segmented, composed of multiple segments of double-stranded, superhelical DNA packaged in capsid proteins. They ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ichnovirus
''Ichnovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Polydnaviridae''. Parasitoid wasps serve as hosts, and these wasps are themselves parasitoids of Lepidoptera. There are 21 species in this genus. Taxonomy The genus contains the following 21 species: *'' Campoletis aprilis ichnovirus'' *'' Campoletis flavicincta ichnovirus'' *'' Campoletis sonorensis ichnovirus'' *'' Casinaria arjuna ichnovirus'' *'' Casinaria forcipata ichnovirus'' *'' Casinaria infesta ichnovirus'' *'' Diadegma acronyctae ichnovirus'' *'' Diadegma interruptum ichnovirus'' *'' Diadegma terebrans ichnovirus'' *'' Enytus montanus ichnovirus'' *'' Eriborus terebrans ichnovirus'' *'' Glypta fumiferanae ichnovirus'' *'' Hyposoter annulipes ichnovirus'' *'' Hyposoter exiguae ichnovirus'' *''Hyposoter fugitivus ichnovirus'' *''Hyposoter lymantriae ichnovirus'' *''Hyposoter pilosulus ichnovirus'' *''Hyposoter rivalis ichnovirus'' *''Olesicampe benefactor ichnovirus'' *''Olesicampe geniculatae ichnovirus'' *'' Synet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iridoviridae
''Iridoviridae'' is a family of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes. Amphibians, fish, and invertebrates such as arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 22 species in this family, divided among two subfamilies and seven genera. Nomenclature The name is derived from Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow. This name was chosen because of the "rainbow-like" iridescence observed in heavily infected insects and pelleted samples of invertebrate iridoviruses. It may refer to any member of the ''Iridoviridae'' family or a particular genus within ''Iridoviridae''. Taxonomy The following subfamilies and genera are recognized (-''virinae'' denotes subfamily and -''virus'' denotes genus): * '' Alphairdovirinae'' ** ''Lymphocystivirus'' ** ''Megalocytivirus'' ** ''Ranavirus'' * ''Betairidovirinae'' ** ''Chloriridovirus'' ** '' Daphniairidovirus'' ** '' Decapodiridovirus'' ** ''Iridovirus'' Structure The virions are icosahedral with triangulation number (T) = 189–217, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wasp
A wasp is any insect of the narrow-waisted suborder Apocrita of the order Hymenoptera which is neither a bee nor an ant; this excludes the broad-waisted sawflies (Symphyta), which look somewhat like wasps, but are in a separate suborder. The wasps do not constitute a clade, a complete natural group with a single ancestor, as bees and ants are deeply nested within the wasps, having evolved from wasp ancestors. Wasps that are members of the clade Aculeata can Stinger, sting their prey. The most commonly known wasps, such as yellowjackets and hornets, are in the family Vespidae and are Eusociality, eusocial, living together in a nest with an egg-laying queen and non-reproducing workers. Eusociality is favoured by the unusual haplodiploid system of sex-determination system, sex determination in Hymenoptera, as it makes sisters exceptionally closely related to each other. However, the majority of wasp species are solitary, with each adult female living and breeding independently ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Haemolymph
Hemolymph, or haemolymph, is a fluid, analogous to the blood in vertebrates, that circulates in the interior of the arthropod (invertebrate) body, remaining in direct contact with the animal's tissues. It is composed of a fluid plasma in which hemolymph cells called hemocytes are suspended. In addition to hemocytes, the plasma also contains many chemicals. It is the major tissue type of the open circulatory system characteristic of arthropods (e.g. arachnids, crustaceans and insects). In addition, some non-arthropods such as molluscs possess a hemolymphatic circulatory system. Oxygen-transport systems were long thought unnecessary in insects, but ancestral and functional hemocyanin has been found in the hemolymph. Insect "blood" generally does not carry hemoglobin, although hemoglobin may be present in the tracheal system instead and play some role in respiration. Method of transport In the grasshopper, the closed portion of the system consists of tubular hearts and an aorta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vesicle (biology)
In cell biology, a vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Vesicles form naturally during the processes of secretion (exocytosis), uptake (endocytosis) and transport of materials within the plasma membrane. Alternatively, they may be prepared artificially, in which case they are called liposomes (not to be confused with lysosomes). If there is only one phospholipid bilayer, the vesicles are called ''unilamellar liposomes''; otherwise they are called ''multilamellar liposomes''. The membrane enclosing the vesicle is also a lamellar phase, similar to that of the plasma membrane, and intracellular vesicles can fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell. Vesicles can also fuse with other organelles within the cell. A vesicle released from the cell is known as an extracellular vesicle. Vesicles perform a variety of functions. Because it is separated from the cytosol, the inside of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic rank, superfamilies, 10 percent of the total described species of living organisms. It is one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world. The Lepidoptera show many variations of the basic body structure that have evolved to gain advantages in lifestyle and distribution. Recent estimates suggest the order may have more species than earlier thought, and is among the four most wikt:speciose, speciose orders, along with the Hymenoptera, fly, Diptera, and beetle, Coleoptera. Lepidopteran species are characterized by more than three derived features. The most apparent is the presence of scale (anatomy), scales that cover the torso, bodies, wings, and a proboscis. The scales are modified, flattened "hairs", and give ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ovoid
An oval () is a closed curve in a plane which resembles the outline of an egg. The term is not very specific, but in some areas (projective geometry, technical drawing, etc.) it is given a more precise definition, which may include either one or two axes of symmetry of an ellipse. In common English, the term is used in a broader sense: any shape which reminds one of an egg. The three-dimensional version of an oval is called an ovoid. Oval in geometry The term oval when used to describe curves in geometry is not well-defined, except in the context of projective geometry. Many distinct curves are commonly called ovals or are said to have an "oval shape". Generally, to be called an oval, a plane curve should ''resemble'' the outline of an egg or an ellipse. In particular, these are common traits of ovals: * they are differentiable (smooth-looking), simple (not self-intersecting), convex, closed, plane curves; * their shape does not depart much from that of an ellipse, and * an o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacilliform
A bacillus (), also called a bacilliform bacterium or often just a rod (when the context makes the sense clear), is a rod-shaped bacterium or archaeon. Bacilli are found in many different taxonomic groups of bacteria. However, the name ''Bacillus'', capitalized and italicized, refers to a specific genus of bacteria. The name Bacilli, capitalized but not italicized, can also refer to a less specific taxonomic group of bacteria that includes two orders, one of which contains the genus ''Bacillus''. When the word is formatted with lowercase and not italicized, 'bacillus', it will most likely be referring to shape and not to the genus at all. Bacilliform bacteria are also often simply called rods when the bacteriologic context is clear. Bacilli usually divide in the same plane and are solitary, but can combine to form diplobacilli, streptobacilli, and palisades. * Diplobacilli: Two bacilli arranged side by side with each other. * Streptobacilli: Bacilli arranged in chains. * Coccobac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
