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Iridoviridae
''Iridoviridae'' is a family of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes. Amphibians, fish, and invertebrates such as arthropods serve as natural hosts. There are currently 22 species in this family, divided among two subfamilies and seven genera. Nomenclature The name is derived from Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow. This name was chosen because of the "rainbow-like" iridescence observed in heavily infected insects and pelleted samples of invertebrate iridoviruses. It may refer to any member of the ''Iridoviridae'' family or a particular genus within ''Iridoviridae''. Taxonomy The following subfamilies and genera are recognized (-''virinae'' denotes subfamily and -''virus'' denotes genus): * '' Alphairdovirinae'' ** ''Lymphocystivirus'' ** ''Megalocytivirus'' ** ''Ranavirus'' * ''Betairidovirinae'' ** ''Chloriridovirus'' ** '' Daphniairidovirus'' ** '' Decapodiridovirus'' ** ''Iridovirus'' Structure The virions are icosahedral with triangulation number (T) = 189–217, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ranavirus
''Ranavirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Iridoviridae''. There are six other genus, genera of viruses within the family ''Iridoviridae'', but ''Ranavirus'' is the only one that includes viruses that are infectious to amphibians and reptiles. Additionally, it is one of the three genera within this family which infect teleostei, teleost fishes, along with ''Lymphocystivirus'' and ''Megalocytivirus''. Ecological impact The Ranaviruses, like the Megalocytiviruses, are an emerging infectious disease, emerging group of closely related DNA, dsDNA viruses which cause systemic disease, systemic infections in a wide variety of wild and cultured fresh and saltwater fishes. As with Megalocytiviruses, ''Ranavirus'' outbreaks are therefore of considerable economic importance in aquaculture, as epizootics can result in moderate fish loss or mass mortality events of cultured fishes. Unlike Megalocytiviruses, however, ''Ranavirus'' infections in amphibians have been implicated as a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lymphocystivirus
''Lymphocystivirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Iridoviridae''. Fish serve as natural hosts. There are four species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: tumor-like growths on the skin. Hosts ''Lymphocystivirus'' is one of six genera of viruses within the viral family ''Iridoviridae'', and one of three genera within this family which infect teleost fishes, along with ''Megalocytivirus'' and ''Ranavirus''. Lymphocystiviruses infect more than 140 freshwater and marine species, spanning at least 42 host families worldwide, causing the chronic, self-limiting clinical disease, lymphocystis. While lymphocystis does not cause mass mortality events like megalocytiviruses and ranaviruses, fish with lymphocystis exhibit grossly visible papilloma-like skin lesions which substantially reduce their commercial value. No vaccines are currently available for lymphocystis viruses. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species: * ''Lymphocystis disease virus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Megalocytivirus
''Megalocytivirus'' is a genus of viruses in the family ''Iridoviridae'' and one of three genera within this family which infect teleost fishes, along with ''Lymphocystivirus'' and ''Ranavirus''. Megalocytiviruses are an emerging group of closely related dsDNA viruses which cause systemic infections in a wide variety of wild and cultured fresh and saltwater fishes. Megalocytivirus outbreaks are of considerable economic importance in aquaculture, as epizootics can result in moderate fish loss or mass mortality events of cultured fishes.Yanong RPE, Waltzek TB (2010). "Megalocytivirus infections in fish, with emphasis on ornamental species." University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Extension FA182 1-7. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fa182 http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/FA/FA18200.pdf Taxonomy The family ''Iridoviridae'' is divided into seven genera, including ''Chloriridovirus'', ''Iridovirus'', ''Lymphocystivirus'', ''Megalocytivirus'', '' Daphniairidovir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iridovirus
''Iridovirus'' is a genus of viruses in the family ''Iridoviridae''. Insects serve as natural hosts. Currently, only two species are placed in this genus. ''Invertebrate iridescent virus 6'' (IIV-6) was recognised as the type species until such a designation was abolished. IIV-6 is hosted by mosquitos and usually causes covert (inapparent) infection that reduces fitness. The remaining species ''Invertebrate iridescent virus 31'' (IIV-31) is hosted by isopods and causes patent (apparent) infection characterised by blue to bluish-purple iridescence and a shortened lifespan. Taxonomy Group: dsDNA ICTVMaster Species List 2018b.v2 on: ICTVonline: MSL #34 as of February 2019 Former species ''Invertebrate iridescent virus 1'' (IIV-1) has been removed from ''Iridovirus''. Its current status is a tentative member of ''Chloriridovirus ''Chloriridovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Iridoviridae''. Diptera with aquatic larval stage, mainly mosquitoes, lepidoptera, and o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chloriridovirus
''Chloriridovirus'' is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Iridoviridae''. Diptera with aquatic larval stage, mainly mosquitoes, lepidoptera, and orthoptera insects serve as natural hosts. There are five species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: yellow-green iridescence beneath the epidermis (early mosquito larval stages are most susceptible to infection). Death rates are highest in the fourth instar. Viruses within this genus have been found to infect mosquito larvae, in which they produce various iridescent Iridescence (also known as goniochromism) is the phenomenon of certain surfaces that appear to gradually change color as the angle of view or the angle of illumination changes. Examples of iridescence include soap bubbles, feathers, butterfl ... colors. Taxonomy The genus contains the following species: * '' Anopheles minimus iridovirus'' * '' Invertebrate iridescent virus 3'' * '' Invertebrate iridescent virus 9'' * '' Invertebrate iridesce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betairidovirinae
''Betairidovirinae'' is a subfamily of viruses in the family ''Iridoviridae'' that was established in 2016. It is one of two subfamilies within this family, the other being '' Alphairdovirinae''. Most species within the ''Betairidovirinae'' are hosted by invertebrates, whereas all species within the ''Alphairdovirinae'' are hosted by ' cold-blooded' vertebrates (namely; fishes, amphibians, and reptiles). As such, viruses in this subfamily may be called invertebrate iridescent viruses (IIVs) or invertebrate iridoviruses. Genera The genus consists of the following four genera, although many additional putative and partially characterised taxa are known: * ''Chloriridovirus'' * '' Daphniairidovirus'' * '' Decapodiridovirus'' * ''Iridovirus'' Hosts The ''Betairidovirinae'' are hosted by invertebrates, but some research indicates they may hosted by vertebrates, and that at least one invertebrate-hosted iridovirus is actually more closely related to the ''Alphairdovirinae''. Most ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paracrystalline
In materials science, paracrystalline materials are defined as having short- and medium-range ordering in their lattice (similar to the liquid crystal phases) but lacking crystal-like long-range ordering at least in one direction. Origin and definition The words "paracrystallinity" and "paracrystal" were coined by the late Friedrich Rinne in the year 1933. Their German equivalents, e.g. "Parakristall", appeared in print one year earlier. A general theory of paracrystals has been formulated in a basic textbook, and then further developed/refined by various authors. Rolf Hosemann's definition of an ideal paracrystal is: "The electron density distribution of any material is equivalent to that of a paracrystal when there is for every building block one ideal point so that the distance statistics to other ideal points are identical for all of these points. The electron configuration of each building block around its ideal point is statistically independent of its counterpart in ne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm is all of the material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus. The material inside the nucleus and contained within the nuclear membrane is termed the nucleoplasm. The main components of the cytoplasm are cytosol (a gel-like substance), the organelles (the cell's internal sub-structures), and various cytoplasmic inclusions. The cytoplasm is about 80% water and is usually colorless. The submicroscopic ground cell substance or cytoplasmic matrix which remains after exclusion of the cell organelles and particles is groundplasm. It is the hyaloplasm of light microscopy, a highly complex, polyphasic system in which all resolvable cytoplasmic elements are suspended, including the larger organelles such as the ribosomes, mitochondria, the plant plastids, lipid droplets, and vacuoles. Most cellular activities take place within the cytoplasm, such as many metabolic pathways including glycolysis, and proces ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transmission Electron Microscope
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a suspension on a grid. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons with the sample as the beam is transmitted through the specimen. The image is then magnified and focused onto an imaging device, such as a fluorescent screen, a layer of photographic film, or a sensor such as a scintillator attached to a charge-coupled device. Transmission electron microscopes are capable of imaging at a significantly higher resolution than light microscopes, owing to the smaller de Broglie wavelength of electrons. This enables the instrument to capture fine detail—even as small as a single column of atoms, which is thousands of times smaller than a resolvable object seen in a light microscope. Transmission electron microscopy is a major analytical method in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lipid
Lipids are a broad group of naturally-occurring molecules which includes fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others. The functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes. Lipids have applications in the cosmetic and food industries, and in nanotechnology. Lipids may be broadly defined as hydrophobic or amphiphilic small molecules; the amphiphilic nature of some lipids allows them to form structures such as vesicles, multilamellar/unilamellar liposomes, or membranes in an aqueous environment. Biological lipids originate entirely or in part from two distinct types of biochemical subunits or "building-blocks": ketoacyl and isoprene groups. Using this approach, lipids may be divided into eight categories: fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, saccharolipids, and polyketides (derived from condensati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cell Lysis
Lysis ( ) is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic" ) mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A fluid containing the contents of lysed cells is called a ''lysate''. In molecular biology, biochemistry, and cell biology laboratories, cell cultures may be subjected to lysis in the process of purifying their components, as in protein purification, DNA extraction, RNA extraction, or in purifying organelles. Many species of bacteria are subject to lysis by the enzyme lysozyme, found in animal saliva, egg white, and other secretions. Phage lytic enzymes (lysins) produced during bacteriophage infection are responsible for the ability of these viruses to lyse bacterial cells. Penicillin and related β-lactam antibiotics cause the death of bacteria through enzyme-mediated lysis that occurs after the drug causes the bacterium to form a defective cell wall. If the cell wall is completely lost and the penicillin was used on gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kilobase
A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA and RNA. Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding patterns, "Watson–Crick" (or "Watson–Crick–Franklin") base pairs (guanine–cytosine and adenine–thymine) allow the DNA helix to maintain a regular helical structure that is subtly dependent on its nucleotide sequence. The complementary nature of this based-paired structure provides a redundant copy of the genetic information encoded within each strand of DNA. The regular structure and data redundancy provided by the DNA double helix make DNA well suited to the storage of genetic information, while base-pairing between DNA and incoming nucleotides provides the mechanism through which DNA polymerase replicates DNA and RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into RNA. Many DNA-binding proteins ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
